Date: April 30, 2024 Tue

Time: 1:30 am

Results for forced labor

240 results found

Author: Zhou, Hui Title: 'One Victim of Trafficking Is One Too Many': Counting the Human Cost of Trafficking, Cases of Trafficking in Australia Summary: Project Respect spent 6 weeks researching and documenting cases of human trafficking in Australia. This report refers to approximately 300 cases cases of victims of trafficking documented during this time. Some of the cases documented are based on cases Project Respect had already gathered in 5 years working with women in the sex industry. Other cases were obtained from other sources for the specific purpose of this documentation project. Project Respect circulated a letter and survey form widely in Australia seeking information for this documentation project. Details: Victoria, Australia: Project Respect, Inc., 2004 Source: Year: 2004 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 116670 Keywords: Forced labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bermudez, Laura Title: 'No Experience Necessary': The Internal Trafficking of Persons in South Africa Summary: This report examines qualitative findings concerning the internal trafficking of persons in South Africa for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, and the removal of organs. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: International Organization for Migration Regional Office for Southern Africa, 2008. 75p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: South Africa URL: Shelf Number: 117821 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Amon, Joe Title: Where Darkness Knows No Limits: Incarceration, Ill-treatment, and Forced Labor as Drug Rehabilitation in China Summary: This report details the abusive conditions suffered by detainees in China's drug detention centers, the failure of the Chinese government to deliver on its avowed commitment to a medical-based approach to its illicit drug use and addiction problems, and the human rights violations associated with the Anti-Drug Law. The report calls on the Chinese government to immediately close these centers and develop genuinely therapeutic, voluntary, community-based, outpatient drug dependency treatment alternatives. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010. 37p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: China URL: Shelf Number: 117824 Keywords: Detention Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Offenders Drug Treatment Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses

Author: Robertson, Phil Title: From the Tiger to the Crocodile: Abuse of Migrant Workers in Thailand Summary: The thousand of migrant workers from Burma, Cambodia, and Laos who yearly cross pourous borders in Thailand experience daily situations straight out of a Thai proverb -- excaping from the tiger, but then meeting the crocodile -- that describes fleeing from one difficult or deadly situation into another that is just as bad. This report finds a litany of labor rights violations against migrants, including denying the right to organize and collectively bargain, and retaliating with intimidation, violence and firings. Forced labor and human trafficking continue to be the other major risks faced by migrant workers in Thailand. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010. 119p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2018 at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b84ec212.html Year: 2010 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b84ec212.html Shelf Number: 117117 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Migrant Workers

Author: Stepnitz, Abigail Title: Of Human Bondage: Trafficking in Women and Contemporary Slavery in the UK Summary: This report examines the issue of human trafficking as it relates to forced labor in the UK. Details: London: Eaves Housing for Women, 2009. 50p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 117572 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Pearson, Elaine Title: Underpaid, Overworked and Overlooked: Volume 1, The Realities of Young Migrant Workers in Thailand Summary: This report assesses economic, legal, social and policy factors affecting four sectors where trafficking of children and women is known or suspected to occur in Thailand: agriculture, domestic service, fishing boats and fish processing, and manufacturing and domestic work. Details: Geneva: International Labour Office, 2006. 176p. Source: Internet Source; The Mekong Challenge Year: 2006 Country: Thailand URL: Shelf Number: 117641 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrants

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Title: Resource Book on the Legal Framework on Anti Human Trafficking Summary: Trafficking of women and children is one of the gravest organized crimes and violations of human rights, extending beyond boundaries and jurisdictions. Preventing and combating of human trafficking requires all stakeholders to integrate their responses on prosecution, prevention and protection. Keeping this philosophy in mind, Project IND/S16 of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which is a joint initiative of UNODC and Government of India, with support from the US Government, has undertaken several initiatives since its launch in April 2006 in India. This project is focused on "Strengthening the law enforcement response in India against trafficking in persons, through training and capacity building". The major activities in the project are training of police officials and prosecutors, setting up Anti Human Trafficking Units, establishing networks among law enforcement agencies and civil society partners as well as developing appropriate resource tools including Protocols, Manuals, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), Compendiums and other training aids. The Resource Book on the Legal Framework on Anti Human Trafficking has been designed to collect, review and analyze the relevant national legislations, international and regional instruments and judicial precedents that bring out the full range of crimes which comprise human trafficking; to analyze the existing legal framework in the light of international and regional legal standards on trafficking; and provide, where necessary, recommendations. This Resource Book for the law enforcement officials and other stakeholders is an attempt to sensitize them regarding the effective role that they can play under the various available laws on trafficking. It is hoped that a proper reading of the law will lead to its better enforcement; victims will be rescued more effectively, appropriate protective measures will be ordered looking to the age of the victims a and they will have a better chance of reintegration in society. This Resource Book has been developed by National Law University of India, Bangalore in association with UNODC and has received valuable inputs from senior judges, prosecutors, police officials and civil society organizations. The document has been prepared in a simple lucid style with cross - references to legal provisions and judicial pronouncements. It is a concise, practical and user friendly tool which will be of use to all stakeholders working in the field of anti human trafficking. Details: New Delhi: United Nations Office on Drugs, Regional Office for South Asia, 2008. 168p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 25, 2018 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/India_Training_material/Resource_Book_on_Legal_Framework.pdf Year: 2008 Country: India URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/India_Training_material/Resource_Book_on_Legal_Framework.pdf Shelf Number: 117090 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Organized Crime Trafficking in Human Organs

Author: Kangaspunta, Kristiina Title: Human Trafficking: An Overview Summary: This report provides background on human trafficking, explains what has been achieved in the first year of the United Nations' Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking, and identifies challenges that lie ahead. Details: New York: United Nations, 2008. 48p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 114870 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cyrus, Norbert Title: Trafficking for Labour and Sexual Exploitation in Germany Summary: Germany is an important destination country for migrant workers from around the world. Many of them work on the basis of mutually beneficial agreements made with their employers, but many are forced into submission by deception, threats, abuse, fraud and coercion. The migrant workers enter the country through clandestine channels or as asylum seekers, seasonal labor migrants, visitors or students. This study aims to demonstrate that migrant workers are forced into submission and thus increase profit margins. This is most often the case in those labor-intensive economic sectors that are encountering even more competition on global markets. Details: Geneva: International Labour Office, 2005. 91p. Source: Year: 2005 Country: Germany URL: Shelf Number: 111925 Keywords: Economics Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Germany) Migrant Labor (Germany) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kaye, Mike Title: Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Paraguay Summary: This report gives an overview and analysis of different slavery practices in Paraguay, including forced labor of indigenous people, trafficking in people, the commercial sexual exploitation of children, child domestic work and child soldiers. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2006. 25p. Source: Year: 2006 Country: Paraguay URL: Shelf Number: 118401 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sexual Exploitation (Paraguay) Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking

Author: Cambodia. Provincial Department of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation Title: Destination Thailand: A Cross-Labor Migration Survey in Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia Summary: The main purpose of the labor migration survey was to provide insights and background information about the current situation and, as much as possible, provide some indication on the trafficking of children and women within the labor migration framework internally and across the border with Thailand. The data is meant to inform policy and program development on labor migration managment and trafficking prevention efforts at the local as well as at the subregional levels. Details: Bangkok: International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, International Labour Office Bangkok, 2005. 87p. Source: Internet Resource; The Mekong Challenge Year: 2005 Country: Cambodia URL: Shelf Number: 117671 Keywords: Child Labor Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migration

Author: Poghosyan, G. Title: Trafficking and Labour Exploitation of Armenian Migrants: A Sociological Survey Summary: This survey assesses the level of awareness among different social groups in Armenian society about the phenomenon of trafficking in persons, to understand how widespread it is in Armenia and to establish which social groups are likely to become potential victims of trafficking. Details: Yerevan: Armenian Sociological Association, 2005. 59p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: Armenia URL: Shelf Number: 119153 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Gaber, Milica Antic, ed. Title: Violence in the EU Examined: Policies on Violence Against Women, Children and Youth in 2004 EU Accession Countries Summary: This report presents the results of a 2-year project conducted by a research team of 10 partner organizations from 10 countries that accessed the EU in 2004. Papers in the report all address the issue of violence against women, children and youth from different theoretical perspectives and analyzed using different methodological approaches. Some of the issues discussed include : sexual harassment; trafficking in persons; sexual exploitation in prostitution and pornography; children as victims of violence in the family; mail-order brides; and labor exploitation. Details: Ljubljana: University of Ljuljana, Faculty of Arts, 2009. 199p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 118683 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Mail-Order Brides Pornography Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Sexual Harassment Violence Against Women

Author: International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School Title: Crime in Burma Summary: This report examines the following human rights abuses in Burma: forced labor; recruitment of child soldiers; widespread sexual violence; extrajudicial killings and torture; and more than a million displaced persons. It calls on the United Nations Security Council urgently to establish a Commission of Inquiry to investigate and report on crime against humanity and war crimes in Burma. Details: Cambridge, MA: International Human Rights Clinic, Harvard University, 2009. 104 p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Burma URL: Shelf Number: 119146 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Rape Sexual Assault

Author: Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group Title: Wrong Kind of Victim? One Year On: An Analysis of UK Measures to Protect Trafficked Persons Summary: In December 2008 the U.K. ratified the Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings. The Convention came into force in the UK in April 2009. This report examines how the UK and its devolved administrations are meeting their obligations under the Convention. It found that the UK Government's anti-trafficking practice is not compliant with the Convention and, where it relates to children, is not compliant with other aspects of UK law or best practice. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2010. 153p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119220 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Title: A Summary of Challenges on Addressing Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in the Agricultural Sector in the OSCE Region Summary: This report provides an analysis of the current challenges within the agricultural sector, aiming to assist to identify the structural issues and deficits of this sector that case or exacerbates a worker's vulnerability. The research found that agricultural workers are especially vulnerable to abuse, exploitation, and trafficking. This overview analyses the international legal framework, the anti-trafficking standards of labour and in particular of migrant workers. Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2009. 62p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 119252 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrant Workers

Author: National Research Council Title: Approaches to Reducing the Use of Forced or Child Labor Summary: In response to provisions of the Trafficking Victims Protection and Reauthorization Act, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of International Labor Affairs contracted with the National Research Council to organize a two-day workshop on a framework for assessing practices designed to reduce the use of child and forced labor in supply chains that produce goods imported into the United States. This report presents a summary of the workshop. Details: Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009. 131p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 117600 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Allais, Carol Title: Tsireledzani: Understanding the Dimensions of Human Trafficking in Southern Africa Summary: This report provides the first comprehensive assessment of human trafficking in South Africa. This research study was conducted by the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) on behalf of the ‘Programme of Assistance to the South African Government to Prevent, React to Human Trafficking and Provide Support to Victims of Crime’. The programme of assistance forms part of South Africa’s National Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking through prevention, response and support for victims, known as TSIRELEDZANI. The programme of assistance is being implemented by the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and is co-funded by the South African Government and the European Union (EU). The overall objective of South Africa’s National Strategy on Human Trafficking is to ensure full compliance with the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (hereafter, ‘Palermo Protocol’), which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime. Compliance includes developing comprehensive legislation underpinned by a victim-centred empowerment approach, taking full account of the Victim’s Charter1 as well as relevant South African legislation. The specific purposes of the Tsireledzani Programme are to: (a) contribute to compliance with the Palermo Protocol requirements, (b) increase capacity to deal with trafficking, and (c) enhance inter-sectoral coordination and cooperation. Tsireledzani is being implemented by the Sexual Offences and Community Affairs (SOCA) Unit of the NPA over a three-year period (2008-2010). The present study addresses Result 1 of the programme of assistance to the South African government: DEEPENED KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF TRAFFICKING, and presents findings on human trafficking in South Africa obtained from research undertaken from December 2008 to March 2010. The objectives of the study were to: 1. Identify trafficking trends in order to develop appropriate responses; 2. Identify national legislative measures, policy frameworks and women’s and children’s rights instruments; 3. Analyse counter-trafficking responses regarding human trafficking in the SADC region and other countries with comparative features; 4. Identify the profile of the victims and characteristics and motives of the agents in human trafficking; 5. Identify the purposes for human trafficking and the key driving factors; 6. Identify socio-economic aspects of the demand and cultural values and practices influencing human trafficking; 7. Identify the interrelation between human trafficking and migration relation issues in the context of globalization; 8. Identify the linkage between organised crime networks and corruption, and human trafficking; 9. Identify indicators for a national Trafficking Information Management System ; 10. Make recommendations on the outcome of the above results. Details: Pretoria: National Prosecuting Authority of South Africa, 2010. 206p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 8, 2010 at: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/Document-3562.phtml Year: 2010 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/Document-3562.phtml Shelf Number: 119766 Keywords: Child Prostitution Corruption Forced Labor Human Trafficking Illegal Trade Organized Crime Wildlife Conservation Wildlife Crime (Asia-Pacific) Wildlife Smuggling

Author: Planitzer, Julia Title: Guiding Principles on Memoranda of Understanding Between Key Stakeholders and Law Enforcement Agencies on Counter-Trafficking Cooperation Summary: One of the main objectives of the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT) is to prosecute the perpetrators involved in trafficking in human beings while protecting the rights and well-being of trafficked persons. In order to achieve this goal, effective formalized cooperation between a broad range of stakeholders, such as law enforcement agencies and specialized service providers, is essential. Cooperation between similar agencies and intraagency cooperation is also essential. Fostering cooperation between law enforcement agencies and other stakeholders in fighting human trafficking has been a major component of the comprehensive approach taken by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) towards combating trafficking in human beings, particularly, the building of operational and institutional links between specialized service providers, labour inspectors and other law enforcement agencies. IOM’s experience has demonstrated that personal relationships based on trust often play the most important role in enabling effective and open cooperation between different institutions and law enforcement agencies. While informal cooperation has often brought success, it is hazardous in the absence of clear protocols for cooperation, and does not contribute to the longer term goal of establishing multi-stakeholder systems and structures. Formalized cooperation, such as Memoranda of Understanding (MoU), clearly identifies the driving principles of such cooperation, and contributes to the building of mutual trust and the development of a common understanding on the objectives and policies of the different parties. Details: Vienna: International Organization for Migration, 2009. 127p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 10, 2010 at: http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/humantrafficking/Guiding_Principles_annexe.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/humantrafficking/Guiding_Principles_annexe.pdf Shelf Number: 119782 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Fox, Carron Title: Investigating Forced Labour and Trafficking: Do They Exist in Zambia? Summary: This project aimed to investigate whether forced labour exists in Zambia, and if so, in what forms. Unlike some countries where ‘traditional’ forms of forced labour, such as debt bondage and serfdom, persist, these are not prevalent in Zambia. Analysis of the labour-related complaints registered at the MLSS and HRC shows that some forced labour problems exist. There are cases where workers were working without pay for extended periods, and unable to leave due to forfeiture of the wages due; or unable to complain because of the threat of dismissal; or have been promised one job, only to be made to carry out another. In the majority of these cases, the workers are no longer doing the job voluntarily as they cannot leave without losing their pay or benefits. The high levels of unemployment in Zambia, and the high number of workers in the informal economy, clearly make it easy for employers to exploit workers’ vulnerability and treat them in ways that are unacceptable and unlawful. In conclusion, the research confirms that forced labour and trafficking do exist in Zambia. Many Zambians, desperate for employment, are willing to accept any job offer. Employers sometimes exploit workers’ vulnerability and impose severe conditions of work and other means to keep them in the job against their will. Their desperation stems from poverty and until poverty is alleviated, forced labour and trafficking are likely to continue. However, specific measures can and must be taken to reduce their incidence and impact in the short and medium term. These measures should be undertaken in the context of broader efforts to provide all workers with the decent work they deserve. Details: Geneva: International Labour Office, Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour, 2008. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2010 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_098473.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Zambia URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_098473.pdf Shelf Number: 113072 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Zambia)

Author: Canada. Royal Canadian Mounted Police Criminal Intelligence Title: Human Trafficking in Canada Summary: Project SECLUSION was prepared for the Immigration and Passport Branch as a national overview of human trafficking activities in an effort to identify the extent of organized crime involvement, transnational associations, source countries, as well as issues and challenges faced by law enforcement. This report also serves as a preliminary baseline of human trafficking activities affecting Canada in both the transnational and domestic perspectives. Details: Ottawa: RCMP, 2010. 49p. Source: Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 119806 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Transnational Crime

Author: Ireland. Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform. Anti-Human Trafficking Unit Title: Summary Report of Trafficking in Human Beings in Ireland for 2009 Summary: The Summary Report of Trafficking in Human Beings in Ireland for 2009 is the first report to be produced by the State regarding suspected and potential victims of trafficking. The report provides an extensive overview of trafficking in human beings as it occurred in Ireland in 2009. Information was collected from a number of different sources which included the Garda National Immigration Bureau (GNIB), the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service (INIS) of the Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform and several non-governmental organisations. The report also provides important information regarding the suspected victims, their backgrounds and their experiences. Details: Dublin: Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform, 2010. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 12, 2010 at: http://www.justice.ie/en/jelr/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf/Files/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.justice.ie/en/jelr/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf/Files/AHTU%20Summary%20Report%202009.pdf Shelf Number: 119937 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: De Sas Kropiwnicki, Zosa Title: Wolves in Sheep's Skin: A Rapid Assessment of Human Trafficking in Musina, Limpopo Province of South Africa Summary: This report found evidence of the trafficking of migrants entering South Africa from Zimbabwe. The report, "Wolves in Sheep's Skin: A Rapid Assessment of Human Trafficking in Musina, Limpopo Province of South Africa", finds that migrants in the region are regularly subjected to high levels of abuse and violence, which in turn makes them vulnerable to trafficking. It specifically identifies cases involving trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation, forced criminal activity such as the sale of illegal substances, servitude, extortion and other forms of exploitation. The report found that some migrant groups are particularly at risk, such as victims of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV); those who have been stranded, robbed or subjected to other forms of violence; women and girls involved in prostitution and transactional sexual behaviour; and unaccompanied minors travelling alone or with adults. Situated approximately 20 km from the Zimbabwean border, Musina is the point of entry for a large number of Zimbabwean migrants. A total of 130 respondents from Zimbabwe and South Africa were interviewed in August 2009, including migrants, government officials, service providers, farm managers and so called malaisha or taxi drivers, frequently involved in human smuggling. Identified factors contributing to migrant vulnerability include the political and socio-economic insatiability in Zimbabwe, the lack of adequate border controls, difficulty in obtaining travel documents, the establishment of informal criminal networks, an increase in the movement of women and unaccompanied minors, and a lack of awareness and experience regarding safe migration. The report also notes that addressing the incidence of violence and abuse reported by migrants – and particularly by women and children – is as critical as the issue of human trafficking itself. The assessment also revealed that migrants in Musina are vulnerable to a range of health care concerns such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive health problems, physical trauma, negative psychosocial reactions, malnutrition and limited access to health care. The report identifies shortfalls in policy and practice with regard to human trafficking in Musina, including insufficient capacity of law enforcement and border officials to identify cases of human trafficking; inadequate referral, shelter and assistance networks; and deficient investigation and prosecution of incidences of abuse and violence against migrants. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration, 2010. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 14, 2010 at: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce?entryId=27157 Year: 2010 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce?entryId=27157 Shelf Number: 119964 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrants Sexual Exploitation

Author: Skec, Selma Golubovic Title: Trafficking in Human Beings in Croatia: An Assessment Focusing on Labour Exploitation Summary: This publication summarises the results of an assessment of the situation of trafficking in human beings in Croatia, with a particular focus on trafficking for labour exploitation. The assessment was conducted between November 2009 and February 2010 in the framework of the project “Targeting niches in the anti-trafficking efforts: customised support for Croatia.” In addition to providing updated data in trafficking in human beings in Croatia, this publication aims at reviewing the most updated normative and practice-oriented documents on the subject of trafficking for labor exploitation. An additional purpose of this assessment is to propose a set of indicators for the identification of potential victims of trafficking for labour exploitation. These are largely based on the indicators already developed by the International Labour Office (ILO), and are adapted for the specific situation in Croatia. The findings of this assessment intend to provide insightful information to the Office for Human Rights, partner in this project, for the development of future initiatives, as well as to other interested policy makers, in view of shaping and implementing future sustainable anti-trafficking policies in Croatia. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2010. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2010 at: http://www.anti-trafficking.net/fileadmin/IIMS-documents/Croatian_English_2010-09-29_Final_small.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Croatia URL: http://www.anti-trafficking.net/fileadmin/IIMS-documents/Croatian_English_2010-09-29_Final_small.pdf Shelf Number: 119991 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Rosenberg, Ruth Title: Trafficking of Adult Men in the Europe and Eurasia Region: Final Report Summary: There is an increasing recognition throughout the world that it is not only women and children who fall victim to traffickers. Men migrate in large numbers and more and more studies indicate that many of these men are being exploited to a degree which was heretofore unrecognized. USAID commissioned this paper to shed light on the nature and extent of trafficking of men in the Europe and Eurasia region. It is expected that the paper will stimulate dialogue and provide guidance which can help to develop strong programs that address the needs of men who are vulnerable to trafficking or who have been trafficked and to measurably improve their lives. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2010. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2010 at: Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 120024 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Hancilova, Blanka Title: Labour Exploitation and Trafficking in Azerbaijan: An Exploratory Overview, June 2008 Summary: The report explores the issues of labour exploitation and forced labour of Azerbaijanis abroad and of foreigners in Azerbaijan. It documents in more detail than it was done so far that next to women and children, also men are potentially vulnerable to exploitation and that exploitation takes place not only in commercial sex but in many other sectors of the economy. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2010?. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2010 at: http://www.anti-trafficking.net/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/Other/2009_AZ_research_FINAL_for_PRINT2.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Azerbaijan URL: http://www.anti-trafficking.net/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/Other/2009_AZ_research_FINAL_for_PRINT2.pdf Shelf Number: 12004 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Males Migrants

Author: Gentiana, Ioana Title: Trafficking in Children in Romania: Study on the Recruiting Process Summary: Human trafficking in every form (sexual exploitation, forced labour and begging or perpetration of crimes) continues to be a worldwide social phenomenon that is morally, psychologically and physically prejudiced to its both its direct victims and others. This phenomenon becomes even more alarming when children are trapped into trafficking networks. In many cases children fall into the hands of individuals for whom nothing is more important than the perspective of financial benefits obtained from their exploitation. The study, achieved within the RO2006/IB/JH 08 Twinning Project - “Improving the institutional capacity of the agencies involved in the prevention of trafficking in human beings in line with the current European standards and best practices (Strengthening the institutional capacity of the agencies involved in preventing human traffic in compliance with the European standards and the best current practices”) represent the outcome of a fruitful cooperation between the Austrian experts from the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Vienna, and the research team of the National Agency against Human Trafficking within the General Inspectorate of Romanian Police. The study was a part of the activities provisioned within the “A” component of the PHARE Project. One of its main objectives is to strengthen the research capacity of the National Agency against Human Trafficking. Various studies and much research on human trafficking has been undertaken during the last few years; however, some questions remained without answers necessary to understanding the phenomenon: “What are the main causes and how exactly does the recruitment process of trafficked minors for the purpose of exploitation take place? Also, Why, in similar living conditions, only some minors become victims of human traffic and other do not?” These are examples of questions concerning the research. This study intends to offer further relevant information to understand the children trafficking phenomenon by detailing the recruitment process and other related aspects while analyzing the favouring factors encouraging minors’ vulnerability. Details: Bucharest: Alpha MDN, 2009. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/studiu%20ade%20eng.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Romania URL: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/studiu%20ade%20eng.pdf Shelf Number: 120043 Keywords: Begging Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Environmental Justice Foundation Title: All At Sea: The Abuse of Human Rights Aboard Illegal Fishing Vessels Summary: Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) or ‘pirate’ fishing is devastating marine environments, stealing from developing nations and unsustainable. It is driven by the enormous global demand for seafood and is symptomatic of the wider crises in world fisheries. This report exposes how in their drive to maximise catch and minimise cost, illegal ‘pirate’ fishing operators ruthlessly exploit the crews working aboard their boats. EJF’s new report ‘All at Sea – the abuse of human rights aboard illegal fishing vessels’ documents how individuals working on pirate fishing vessels can be subject to excessive working hours, incarceration, and physical abuse up to and including murder. Often forced to work at sea for months and even years, in many cases the working conditions suffered by these crews meet International Labour Organisation (ILO) definitions of forced labour. The report provides case studies from West Africa, Southeast Asia, the Indian and Pacific Oceans, all regions with high incidences of illegal fishing. Human rights abuses directly documented by EJF and other organisations, including the International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), include physical and emotional abuse, incarceration, forced labour without pay, abandonment, and reports of murder. The majority of workers on IUU fishing vessels are hired through recruitment agencies that target vulnerable, powerless individuals who are very often not experienced fishers and are hired from rural areas in developing countries where alternative work is in desperately short supply. Unfortunately for these crews, the international legal instruments needed to address the human rights abuses aboard illegal fishing vessels do not exist, are voluntary, or have not been ratified by the international community. Details: London: Environmental Justice Foundation, 2010. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: Year: 2010 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 120002 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Illegal Fishing

Author: Namibia. Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare and the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry Title: A Baseline Assessment of Human Trafficking in Namibia: A Nationally Representative Qualitative Assessment Summary: Trafficking in Persons is a significant human rights and development issue worldwide that affects men, women and children, and Namibia is no exception. To this effect, Namibia ratified the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the additional Protocol to Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Humans especially women and children in 2003. The Prevention of Organized Crime (POCA) Act no.29 of 2004 which criminalizes Trafficking in Persons was enacted. Further, in the US Department of State 2008 Trafficking of Persons (TIP) Report, Namibia was designated a “Special Case.” A Special Case designation denotes that there is simply not enough reliable information on the country’s trafficking circumstances, but the existence of a significant human trafficking problem is suspected, though the scope and magnitude remains unsubstantiated by sufficient reliable reporting. Specifically, the TIP report states: Limited reporting suggests that Namibia may be a source and destination country for trafficked children; however, the magnitude of this problem is unknown. It is suspected that the largest percentages of trafficking victims are children engaged in prostitution. There is evidence that a small number of Namibian children are trafficked within the country for domestic servitude, as well as forced agricultural labor, cattle herding, and possibly vending. There have been a few reported cases of Zambian and Angolan children trafficked to Namibia for domestic servitude, agricultural labor, and livestock herding. To improve the effectiveness of its fight against human trafficking, the Government of Namibia should consider two initial steps: develop a baseline understanding of the problem, which could include reviewing existing reports and engaging stakeholders; and designate a focal point within the government to coordinate dialogue and action by relevant government entities. As further information is developed, public awareness raising and training of relevant law enforcement and social services officials could facilitate the identification and assistance of victims, and help determine the extent of the problem. In response to the lack of knowledge about the scope and magnitude of trafficking in Namibia, an assessment of Trafficking in Persons in Namibia was initiated by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare (MGECW) in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF) with the support of USAID/ Namibia. The team of experts comprising of one international expert, one regional expert and two Namibian experts was assembled to conduct this assessment. The team was assisted in the field by two members of the MGECW and one from MAWF. The purpose of this assessment was to (a) collect available information on the scope of trafficking in persons in targeted areas of Namibia, (b) review counter- trafficking initiatives by government and civil society and, (c) outline gaps and make recommendations concerning future programming and research needs. Prior to undertaking stakeholder and key informant interviews, the team conducted a literature review of pertinent materials on trafficking in persons in Namibia and the region, which it supplemented throughout the course of its field work. The interviews took place between April 8 and 28, 2009. The interviews covered four basic areas: (1) general knowledge of the respondent about human trafficking; (2) prevention initiatives; (3) prosecution, policing and the legal framework; and, (4) protection and victim assistance. Details: Windhoek, Namibia: Ministry of General Equality and Child Welfare, 2009. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 4, 2010 at: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/Final_Human_Trafficking_Report_Namibia_100216.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Namibia URL: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/pubs/Final_Human_Trafficking_Report_Namibia_100216.pdf Shelf Number: 120188 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Trafficking (Namibia) Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking

Author: Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Title: Combating Trafficking in Persons in Accordance with the Principles of Islamic Law Summary: Trafficking in persons or human trafficking, a recognized human rights violation prohibited by international law, affects all countries and regions of the world. As a national and international, often organized crime, it knows no boundaries" geographic, cultural, political, or religious. Its victims and perpetrators hail from all around the world, and its flows reach from and to some of the most far-flung corners of the planet. It manifests itself as exploitation in different forms and types across countries, but no region is immune. In this global phenomenon, Muslim countries are no exception" all are affected by this crime. Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, as well as for labor exploitation in the domestic service industry and in agriculture and construction, affect Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Trafficking of children and women for sexual and labor exploitation likewise occurs in African countries both within and across national borders. In South and Southeast Asia, trafficking in men, women and children for similar purposes, which may also include trafficking for the purpose of begging and child sex tourism, are prevalent. While international law provides the central guiding framework for States in combating human trafficking, for this effort to be most effective, national legislatures should design legal provisions which, while consistent with international law, are also responsive to national specifics and are tailored to the legal structures and the phenomenon of trafficking as manifested in each State. Given that the legal traditions and legal systems in many Muslim countries rely primarily on Islamic law, a study of Islamic legal provisions and traditions which relate to trafficking in persons becomes important. An understanding of Islam's position on trafficking in persons and its related acts and elements, can provide important avenues for the development of a comprehensive approach to combating trafficking in Muslim countries, one which draws on and is grounded in the Islamic tradition, as well as in compliance with international law. The purpose of this paper is thus to analyze the Islamic legal tradition from the perspective of those sources, principles and provisions that may best be utilized in understanding, addressing, and combating trafficking in persons. More specifically, this entails the elaboration of a comprehensive theory of Islamic legal principles for the prohibition of the crime of trafficking in persons, and associated acts and means on the one hand, and the protection of victims of trafficking on the other. It involves understanding what the nature of the crime of trafficking under the Islamic law of crime and punishment is and what protections and safeguards are provided by Islamic law to the accused in the prosecution of trafficking. It merits analyzing how Islam relates to a victim-centered approach to the problem, and what the obligations of the ordinary citizen in providing victims with assistance may be. It is also necessary that any checklist of issues addressing trafficking in persons under Islamic law also include prevention, education, and public awareness—all core principles of a comprehensive strategy of combating trafficking as enshrined in international law. Some of the important questions tacked as part of this paper will thus include, for example, how does Islamic law provide for the principle of compensation for victims of a crime? In regard to prevention, how does Islam deal with vulnerable victims such as children, orphans, refugees and internally displaced persons, and non-Muslims living in a Muslim country? How does, if at all, a religious approach differ from a non-religious approach when one designs a public awareness campaign or educational curricula? In answering these and similar questions, the paper will address how applicable principles of Islamic legal theory relate to various forms of trafficking in persons, especially those most pertinent to the context of Muslim countries. An exploration of the forms of trafficking which are most significant in the Muslim world will thus be explored accordingly. The international framework governing trafficking in persons, especially the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, as the central guiding international instrument for combating trafficking in persons, will serve as a foundational and comparative frame of reference throughout the paper. Since the source of Islamic law is the religious text, as opposed to legislation or court decisions, issues of religion that are relevant to trafficking in persons may arise and it is among the aims of this paper to address these considerations. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2009. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 8, 2010 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNODC_Trafficking_and_Islamic_Law_-_Amended.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNODC_Trafficking_and_Islamic_Law_-_Amended.pdf Shelf Number: 120420 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Islam Sexual Exploitation

Author: Tena, Maria Title: Modern-Day Slavery in U.S.-Mexican Territory: Human Trafficking at the Border Summary: This brief attempts to provide an open window into the grim reality of human trafficking in the U.S.- Mexico context, by describing its different manifestations and providing current statistics that demonstrate its prevalence. It also highlights recent legislation (within the last five years) which has been drafted and implemented in each country at both federal and state levels in an effort to effectively combat this modern-day form of slavery. Details: San Diego, CA: University of San Diego, Trans-Border Institute, 2010. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Border Brief: Accessed December 9, 2010 at: http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/peacestudies/Border_Brief_FINAL_BW_oct4_10.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/peacestudies/Border_Brief_FINAL_BW_oct4_10.pdf Shelf Number: 120424 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: O'Riordan, Bridget Title: Migration and Debt Bondage: Manifestations and Policy Recommendations Summary: In recent years, a heightened awareness of human trafficking has emerged. The extent of the problem has come to light and the plight of 27 million people enslaved worldwide has been recognized. With the increased focus on human trafficking, more information regarding not only the pervasiveness of the problem but its many manifestations are becoming known. In the United States, more cases of forced labor among foreign workers, especially those involved in domestic service and agriculture have surfaced. The increase in movement between nations has lead to more opportunities for trafficking and exploitation. Workers, often in great need of employment, can easily fall victim as their desperation leads them to situations of vulnerability. Due to such vulnerability, a power disparity is created between the workers and their employers, which leads to abuse. Many of these abuses result when migrants are stripped of their rights and incur unbearable levels of debt during the recruitment period. If recruitment methods and policy were changed to promote transparency and eliminate debt, the propensity of workers to be trafficked and engaged in forced labor would be significantly diminished. Details: San Deigo, CA: University of San Diego, Trans-Border Institute, 2010. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Border Brief: Accessed December 9, 2010 at: http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/peacestudies/FINAL_color_sep22_10.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://catcher.sandiego.edu/items/peacestudies/FINAL_color_sep22_10.pdf Shelf Number: 120425 Keywords: Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migration

Author: David, Fiona Title: Labour Trafficking Summary: Since July 2007, the Australian Institute of Criminology has been conducting research into the trafficking of persons in the Asia–Pacific region in order to contribute to the evidence base underpinning efforts to combat people trafficking across a range of industries. This report examines what is known about labour trafficking, based on incidences of reported crimes, but also by drawing on information about unreported crime. As such, it provides an assessment about the known or likely incidence of trafficking in persons. Details: Sydney: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Public Policy Series, No. 108: Accessed February 8, 2011 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/A/9/0/%7BA90867A2-1558-4B01-A233-34B3381D2F6D%7Drpp108.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/A/9/0/%7BA90867A2-1558-4B01-A233-34B3381D2F6D%7Drpp108.pdf Shelf Number: 120709 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Title: Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking Summary: Over the past decade, human trafficking has moved from the margins to the mainstream of international concern. During this period we have witnessed the rapid development of a comprehensive legal framework that comprises international and regional treaties, as well as a broad range of soft-law instruments relating to trafficking. These changes confirm that a fundamental shift has taken place in how the international community thinks about human exploitation. It also confirms a change in our expectations of what Governments and others should be doing to deal with trafficking and to prevent it. On a very practical level, a human rights-based approach to trafficking requires an acknowledgement that trafficking is, first and foremost, a violation of human rights. Trafficking and the practices with which it is associated, including slavery, sexual exploitation, child labour, forced labour, debt bondage and forced marriage, are themselves violations of the basic human rights to which all persons are entitled. Trafficking disproportionately affects those whose rights may already be seriously compromised, including women, children, migrants, refugees and persons with disabilities. A human rights approach to trafficking also demands that we acknowledge the responsibility of Governments to protect and promote the rights of all persons within their jurisdiction, including non-citizens. This responsibility translates into a legal obligation on Governments to work towards eliminating trafficking and related exploitation. A human rights approach to trafficking means that all those involved in anti-trafficking efforts should integrate human rights into their analysis of the problem and into their responses. This approach requires us to consider, at each and every stage, the impact that a law, policy, practice or measure may have on persons who have been trafficked and persons who are vulnerable to being trafficked. It means rejecting responses that compromise rights and freedoms. This is the only way to retain a focus on the trafficked persons: to ensure that trafficking is not simply reduced to a problem of migration, a problem of public order or a problem of organized crime. Details: New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2010. 255p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2011 at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Commentary_Human_Trafficking_en.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/Commentary_Human_Trafficking_en.pdf Shelf Number: 120718 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Rights Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Minwalla, Sherizaan Title: Human Trafficking in Iraq: Patterns and Practices in Forced Labor and Sexual Exploitation Summary: Human trafficking in the form of forced prostitution and labor has long existed in Iraq, as has forced marriage and domestic servitude within the family, tribe and community. Since the 2003 invasion and subsequent civil war, Iraq has increasingly been a source of trafficking victims who are transported to neighboring countries, as well as a destination for foreign workers who are at risk of trafficking and come to Iraq from the Philippines, Nepal, Bangladesh and other countries where poverty is widespread. Furthermore, internal conflict and breakdown in law and order has resulted in a rise in kidnapping and trafficking from one location to another within Iraq. The Iraqi Constitution prohibits forced labor, kidnapping, slavery, slave trade, trafficking in women or children, and the sex trade, and the Government of Iraq ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ("CEDAW"). However Iraqi government officials have overwhelmingly failed to act to prevent abuses and to punish offenders. Iraq has not passed anti-trafficking legislation, allowing traffickers to continue to operate with impunity. Research and preliminary investigations leading to the production of this report indicate that Iraqi women and girls are being subjected to the following types of trafficking: 1) exploitation of prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation; 2) forced labor or services; 3) slavery or practices similar to slavery; and 4) servitude. There are also credible reports of trafficking-related practices such as forced participation in criminal activity. Because of the nature of trafficking, quantitative measurement is inexact even in developed nations with functioning judicial and law enforcement sectors. In Iraq, measuring the scope of trafficking is far more difficult. However, there is ample evidence of established patterns and practices of trafficking, leading to a strong likelihood that hundreds of women have been trafficked over the last five years in the Kurdistan region, and thousands elsewhere in Iraq and in neighboring regions. In accordance with the Iraqi Constitution as well as international treaty obligations, Iraq must develop an effective national and regional counter-trafficking strategy. A comprehensive approach to combating trafficking must include prevention strategies, protection of trafficking victims, and prosecution of traffickers. This is a difficult time for Iraqis as they struggle with ongoing violence and war, as well as ongoing political restructuring in which many issues have yet to be determined. However it is also an opportune time to address trafficking and other serious human rights violations, as Iraq's national and regional governments work to strengthen the rule of law. Addressing problems of trafficking and other forms of gender-motivated violence is integral to this process of reform. Details: Chicago: Heartland Alliance, 2007. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2011 at: http://www.heartlandalliance.org/whatwedo/advocacy/reports/humantraffickinginiraq.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Iraq URL: http://www.heartlandalliance.org/whatwedo/advocacy/reports/humantraffickinginiraq.pdf Shelf Number: 120823 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women Title: Beyond Borders: Exploring Links Between Trafficking and Labour; Exploring Links Between Trafficking and Gender; Exploring Links Between Trafficking, Globalisation, and Security; Exploring Links Between Trafficking and Migration Summary: The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) was launched in 1994 by a group of women’s rights activists looking for answers to simple questions: Why do women migrate? Why do some of them end up in exploitative situations? What types of jobs are they entering into? Which human rights are being violated before, during, and after their journey? How are they showing resistance to abuses and achieving their migratory goals? Answering these questions became a collaborative effort involving countless organisations and individuals over the years, and contributed to creating a more sophisticated anti-trafficking framework. This anti-trafficking framework has in many cases contributed to protecting the rights of trafficked persons. However, excessive focus on the issue of human trafficking over the last several years has also tended to ignore other related phenomena, such as people’s experiences in migration and work. Consequently, anti-trafficking has become somewhat isolated from its context and is now a highly specialised field. Such specialisation does occur in every field of knowledge and is to some extent necessary. Yet, there is a danger in trying to address the problem of human trafficking without understanding the changing context of labour and migration in a rapidly globalising world. By doing so we would be looking at trafficking exclusively as a crime and not as the end result of a number of interconnected social factors. Further, our understanding will lack the ability to create progressive political change unless we analyse the complex social reality from a gender and human rights perspective. At a practical level we have observed that this segregation of expertise is impairing our ability to assist people or effect change when rights violations are happening. As the research documented in Collateral Damage (GAATW, 2007) pointed out, anti-trafficking initiatives have in some instances harmed the very people whose rights they have claimed to protect. Exclusive focus on trafficking without a social analysis also contributes to sensationalism. It creates the false impression that trafficking is a problem that can be solved by merely taking a few legal measures and providing assistance to those identified as trafficked. Thus, the long term goal of advocating for systemic and structural changes in society gets overlooked. Regrettably, while many of us in civil society find ourselves in specialised niche areas, sometimes our advocacy efforts in one area may run counter to the advocacy efforts made by other social movements. For example, our loud condemnation of exploitation of women migrant workers may encourage the states to stop women from migrating altogether. Indeed, strict border controls have been touted as anti-trafficking measures. How do we then condemn rights violations, but also expose the agenda of states as protectionist towards women? How do we uphold rights of migrating people, but not let the state abdicate its responsibilities towards its citizens and their right to livelihood in their own countries? How do we expose workplace exploitation and advocate for standard wages for all, but not let our advocacy result in a large number of people losing their jobs and being replaced by another set of workers in some other place? Obviously, there are no easy solutions. As we see it, understanding the existing links among the issues, starting inter-movement dialogues, and collaborating with colleagues on concrete cases are essential steps. Over the last two years, GAATW has tried to address this specialisation through different means. One of them has been to work on this series of Working Papers, which explores links between trafficking and migration; trafficking and labour; trafficking and gender; and trafficking, globalisation, and security. These Working Papers look at which broader understandings are most relevant for anti-trafficking advocates, such as: Why do labour rights matter for trafficked persons? How do states’ security measures affect women’s movement through territories and borders? The rationale for these Working Papers is simple. We, like many others, are acknowledging the existing links between trafficking, migration and labour, in the broader contexts of gender and systems of globalisation and security. We are taking a further step by examining those intersections from a human rights perspective. These Working Papers outline where the anti-trafficking framework can strengthen other frameworks and vice versa, and where we as advocates can work together and establish joint strategies. The Papers also aim to identify tensions among the different frameworks, and recognise the spaces for separate work. The complexities in people’s lives cannot be captured by one story or approach alone, whether that approach is anti-trafficking, women’s rights, human rights, migrant rights, or labour rights. In other words, a person’s life cannot be summarised as being merely that of a “trafficked person” or “migrant worker”, as often happens. People’s lives are richer than their trafficking, migration and work experiences. People, in spite of hardship, show great amounts of courage, resourcefulness and resilience, and find ways to negotiate complicated situations to exercise their rights. Our Papers have focussed on the lives of women. As an alliance of primarily women’s rights organisations, much of our direct engagement is with women. While we decided to give centrality to women’s lived experiences, we are certainly not denying that experiences of exploitation and trafficking for men are any less horrendous. These four Working Papers depict numerous examples of migrant women exercising agency. The Papers also show that, because space for agency is determined by the systems a person must navigate, different frameworks (labour, migration, anti-trafficking, and so on) can be used at different moments to increase women’s power over their own situations. Although these four Working Papers have distinctive features, they all cover the following broad areas: • Basic concepts in the field • Examples of the links between trafficking and other issues in the work of civil society actors, governments, and other stakeholders • The beneficial and harmful effects of these simultaneous factors on working migrant women • The importance of using a human rights-based approach • How groups from different sectors can work together in new ways • Policy recommendations People who are interested in the interface between theory and practice, and between conceptual and pragmatic work, are the intended audience of these Working Papers. Details: Bangkok: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2010. 4 pts. Source: Internet Resource: GAATW Working Papers Series 2010: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: www.gaatw.org Year: 2010 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 120909 Keywords: Border Control Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Immigration

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation Europe, Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude Summary: Trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation is commonly perceived as less invasive and damaging than trafficking for sexual exploitation. While in some cases this might be true, trafficking for domestic servitude is often just as devastating an experience, with long-term and serious consequences. This invisible exploitation must become a concern for all of us. It could be taking place next door, in our own social environment. This Occasional Paper is the result of the Alliance High-level Conference on “Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude” hosted by the Special Representative in Vienna on 17 and 18 June 2010 and the Background Paper which informed the dialogue and exchange at the Conference. The Paper is meant to provide a policy tool for decision makers and practitioners dealing with trafficking in human beings on the ground. It is based on desk research, field work and case study analyses in order to shed light on one of the most invisible forms of modern-day slavery. The Paper also benefits from the comments, inputs and expertise of specialized NGOs. Furthermore, it is enriched by the valuable contributions and direct experience of policymakers and public officials (including law enforcement, prosecutors, judges, diplomats), as well as trade unions, international organizations and academics who participated in the Alliance Conference. The Alliance Conference, which aimed at advancing the implementation of OSCE anti-trafficking commitments and mobilizing greater political will, highlighted the specific features of this form of trafficking in human beings, as well as the experiences and challenges that participating States, civil society and international organizations encounter in prevention of trafficking for domestic servitude. It provided an excellent forum to gather expertise, exchange good practices and develop recommendations on what more can be done to eradicate trafficking in human beings for domestic servitude. Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2010. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: http://ftsblog.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Unprotected-Work-Invisible-Exploitation.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://ftsblog.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Unprotected-Work-Invisible-Exploitation.pdf Shelf Number: 120904 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Combating Trafficking as Modern-Day Slavery: A Matter of Rights, Freedoms and Security: 2010 Annual Report Summary: The Special Representative (SR) is tasked by the 2005 Ministerial Council Decision to report annually to the Permanent Council on the progress achieved over the preceding year’s anti-trafficking work carried out throughout the OSCE region. This report covers the period from January to November 2010. The report is divided in four parts and deals with different aspects of the phenomenon, policies, actions, and challenges deriving from trafficking in women, men, and children for many different exploitative purposes. Part I “Trafficking in Human Beings as Modern-Day Slavery” explores the multiple forms of trafficking and addresses them as severe human rights violations, serious transnational organized crime, and threats to the individual and State security. Recent research and case studies from a variety of OSCE participating States help illustrate the phenomenon. Nowadays, trafficking in human beings is a serious crime that is widespread and ever-increasing throughout the OSCE region and beyond. Every day, thousands of people – among them a significant proportion of children – are deceived, abused, threatened and coerced into situations of exploitation that amount to slavery. The variety of forms of exploitation is endless and includes trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation, for domestic servitude, forced begging, petty crime, pickpocketing, and trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. Part II “Joining Efforts to Tackle Trafficking in Human Beings” provides an overview of the work and internal co-ordination and co-operation further developed in 2010 by the OSCE institutions, structures and field operations. It presents the work carried out by the SR and her Office in strengthening the ongoing dialogue and action with the 2010 Kazakh OSCE Chairmanship and the participating States and, more specifically, with a wide range of Parliamentarians, government authorities, and judiciary representatives met during conferences, seminars, workshops, bilateral meetings held in different OSCE countries. Furthermore, this part of the report describes the external partnerships reinforced or newly established with many international, intergovernmental and civil society organizations to jointly combat human trafficking and fully promote comprehensive measures aimed at the protection of the rights of all trafficked persons. Part III “Stepping Forward: Challenges and Future Perspectives” concludes the report as a stand alone chapter by addressing four crucial areas that the OSR decided to focus on to advance the anti-trafficking action: prosecution and criminal justice response; protection of victims’ rights; prevention; and strengthening partnership. Furthermore, in line with the priorities of the Kazakh OSCE Chairmanship, the SR dedicated special attention to trafficking in children. Part IV of the report lists the references and an Annex recording the conferences and events attended by the SR and her Office in 2010. Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2010. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2011 at: http://www.osce.org/cthb/74730 Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.osce.org/cthb/74730 Shelf Number: 120932 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Peters, Alicia W. Title: Trafficking in Meaning: Law, Victims, and the State Summary: This dissertation examines the ways in which US anti-trafficking law (and related policies) incorporates the social and political context in which it was created and examines the ways in which deep-seated beliefs about sex intersect the drafting, interpretation, and implementation of anti-trafficking law and policy. Specifically, this dissertation focuses on the diverse meanings and consequences of a recent US law, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, for criminal justice authorities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and victims of trafficking in the New York metro area. While all laws are subject to interpretation regarding meaning and application, the TVPA contains an especially complicated and layered definition of trafficking, reflecting the diverse constituencies (anti-prostitution feminists, evangelical Christians, and human rights advocates) that lobbied for radically different versions of anti-trafficking bills. This complexity in the law invites considerable flexibility in interpretation and application. This research examines distinctions between the “law on the books,” the “law in their minds,” and the “law in action” (Schuck, 2000) by looking at ruptures between the TVPA as written, as understood by the various actors for whom it has relevance, and as actually implemented. Correspondingly, this project analyzes how beliefs about trafficking and sex intersect with these three angles of inquiry. I argue that the TVPA is a rich cultural text, reflecting the social and political anxieties over prostitution, immigration, and victimization, among others, that surfaced during its drafting and that are replicated as various implementers interpret the law and reinforced through its application. Cultural norms and assumptions, regarding sex in particular, continually resurface through the everyday implementation of the law. As a result, a particular vision of trafficking (forced prostitution) and a specific type of victim (women forced into prostitution) is privileged in complicated ways that divert attention from trafficking into other labor sectors (domestic work, agriculture, factory labor, nude dancing, etc.) and from men altogether. Details: New York: Columbia University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 2010. 273p. Source: Internet Resource: Doctoral Thesis: Accessed March 11, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231589.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/231589.pdf Shelf Number: 120980 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Jones, Jackie Title: Trafficking of Women and Children in Wales 2010 Summary: This report centres around the lived experience of victims of trafficking, be they men, women or children. It focuses on responses to the victims of trafficking as this is the area in which WAG has the most room to enact effective, rights-based policies. To this end, the report surveys the literature and legal instruments on trafficking in human beings. Much has been written about trafficking, much more needs to be said about trafficking in Wales. The literature reveals a clear lack of understanding about the issues involved in trafficking. For example, the relationships between trafficking and smuggling, forced labour and irregular work, the link between prostitution and trafficking, the link between marijuana consumption and child forced labour. There are gaps in knowledge over issues of identification of victims of trafficking and responses once identified as well as specialist provisions of services, despite the recent creation of a refuge for trafficked women in Wales. Gender-specific and child-friendly policy initiatives are at the heart of effective enforcement and protection strategies. These need to be tailored to the particular needs of local communities in Wales. Strategies that reflect the different landscapes – rural, urban, language, cultural – all require co-ordination in a national (Welsh) centre for trafficking. From that multi-agency point, training, awareness-raising, advocacy and many other services can be provided and tailored for the needs of the people in Wales. Details: Bristol, UK: Bristol Law School, University of the West of England, 201o. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Center for Legal Research, Working Paper No. 1: Accessed March 23, 2011 at: http://law.uwe.ac.uk/pdf/trafficking.pdf Year: 0 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://law.uwe.ac.uk/pdf/trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 121108 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking (Wales) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: World Bank Title: Human Trafficking: A Brief Overview Summary: Millions of men, women and children are victims of human trafficking for sexual, forced labor and other forms of exploitation worldwide. The human and economic costs of this take an immense toll on individuals and communities. By conservative estimates, the cost of trafficking in terms of underpayment of wages and recruiting fees is over $20 billion. The costs to human capital are probably impossible to quantify. The problem of trafficking cuts across a range of development issues, from poverty to social inclusion, to justice and rule of law issues, and thus has relevance for practitioners throughout the development community. This note provides a brief overview on the issues of human trafficking, which can be used as a quick reference for the task team leaders, sector managers, directors, and their clients at the World Bank Group. This note will first provide a definition of human trafficking and the scope of the problem, then summarize the regional trends of trafficking patterns. This is followed by a discussion of the key actors in the anti-trafficking movement and the role played by development partners in preventing human trafficking. The final section offers some potential orientations for the World Bank Group to further engage this issue in its operations. Details: Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Social Development Notes, No. 122: Accessed April 6, 2011 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1239390842422/6012763-1239905793229/Human_Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 121254 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: D'Angelo, Almachiara Title: Nicaragua: Protecting Female Labour Migrants from Exploitative Working Conditions and Trafficking Summary: Changing labour markets with globalization have increased both opportunities and pressures for women to migrate. The migration process and employment in a country of which they are not nationals can enhance women’s earning opportunities, autonomy and empowerment, and thereby change gender roles and responsibilities and contribute to gender equality. But they also expose women to serious violation of their human rights. Whether in the recruitment stage, the journey or living and working in another country, women migrant workers, especially those in irregular situations, are vulnerable to harassment, intimidation or threats to themselves and their families, economic and sexual exploitation, racial discrimination and xenophobia, poor working conditions, increased health risks and other forms of abuse, including trafficking into forced labour, debt bondage, involuntary servitude and situations of captivity. Women migrant workers, whether documented or undocumented, are much more vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation and abuse – relative not only to male migrants but also to native-born women. Gender-based discrimination intersects with discrimination based on other forms of “otherness” – such as non-national status, race, ethnicity, religion, economic status – placing women migrants in situations of double, triple or even fourfold discrimination, disadvantage or vulnerability to exploitation and abuse. To enhance the knowledge base and to develop practical tools for protecting and promoting the rights of female migrant workers, a series of case studies were commissioned. These studies were intended to provide background materials for an Information Guide on Preventing Discrimination, Exploitation and Abuse of Women Migrant Workers. The Guide aims at assisting and enhancing the efforts of government agencies, workers’ and employers’ organizations, non-governmental organizations and civil society groups in sending, transit and destination countries to protect the human rights of women migrant workers in the different stages of the migration process. This working paper is based on one of case study - Nicaragua. The focus is on the situation of the women migrant workers in their families, workplaces, communities and societies in sending and receiving countries and also on the initiatives, policies and programmes, “good” and “bad” practices implemented by government, private recruitment and employment agencies and a wide range of social actors to assist and protect women migrants against exploitation and abuse and to prevent them from being trafficked. Details: Geneva: Gender Promotion Programme, International Labour Office, 2001?. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: GENPROM Working Paper No. 6A; Accessed April 11, 2011 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_117951.pdf Year: 2001 Country: Nicaragua URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_117951.pdf Shelf Number: 121310 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Nicaragua) Migrant Workers

Author: Willamette University College of Law, International Human Rights Clinic Title: Modern Salvery in Our Midst: A Human Rights Report on Ending Human Trafficking in Oregon Summary: The International Human Rights Clinic (“the Clinic”) at Willamette University College of Law conducted a fact-finding study between August 2009 and June 2010 to evaluate Oregon’s response to human trafficking. The Clinic undertook a comprehensive approach to the issue, specifically measuring how well federal and state actors within Oregon have complied with Oregon’s obligations regarding trafficking under international and national law. This Human Rights Report on Ending Human Trafficking in Oregon is an assessment of Oregon’s effort to combat trafficking of men, women and children who have been subjected to forced labor or sexual exploitation. Details: Salem, OR: International Human Rights Clinic, 2010. 16 p. (summary only) Source: Internet Resource: accessed April 20, 2011 at: http://www.willamette.edu/wucl/pdf/clp/redacted.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.willamette.edu/wucl/pdf/clp/redacted.pdf Shelf Number: 121454 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Oregon) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Banks, Duren Title: Characteristics of Suspected Human Trafficking Incidents, 2008-2010 Summary: The report describes the characteristics of human trafficking investigations, suspects, and victims in cases opened by federally funded task forces between January 2008 and June 2010. This report provides information about investigations, persons involved in suspected and confirmed incidents of human trafficking, and case outcomes. Data are from the Human Trafficking Reporting System (HTRS), which was created in response to a congressional mandate in the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 for biennial reporting on the scope and characteristics of human trafficking. HTRS is currently the only system that captures information on human trafficking investigations conducted by state and local law enforcement agencies in the United States. The report also describes HTRS data collection procedures and data quality issues. Highlights include the following: Federally funded task forces opened 2,515 suspected incidents of human trafficking for investigation between January 2008 and June 2010; About 8 in 10 of the suspected incidents of human trafficking were classified as sex trafficking, and about 1 in 10 incidents were classified as labor trafficking; The confirmed human trafficking incidents open for at least a year led to 144 known arrests. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 29, 2011 at: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cshti0810.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cshti0810.pdf Shelf Number: 121581 Keywords: Crime Statistics Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking

Author: Joudo Larsen, Jacqueline Title: The Trafficking of Children in the Asia–Pacific Summary: Children are vulnerable to many forms of abuse and exploitation and have long been victims of trafficking for the purpose of both sexual and labour exploitation. There has been some analysis of trafficking of children in Asia, where trafficking persists despite significant prevention efforts, however, comparatively little is known about trafficking in the Pacific. Given that over one-third of the population in the Pacific region is under 15 years of age, anecdotal reports of circumstances which may amount to trafficking raise concerns for the large youth population in the Pacific Islands. Further, although there have been no prosecutions for child trafficking in Australia, the risk experienced by children within the Asia–Pacific region is relevant to responses in Australia and in supporting the development of improved inter-country responses across the region. This paper examines current definitions of child trafficking, the forms that it is known to take in Asia and the Pacific, the factors which increase vulnerability to trafficking and the mechanisms for the protection of children from this crime. It is clear that greater conceptual clarity in the definition of child trafficking, together with more detailed investigation of trafficking areas that are less well-known (such as the trafficking of boys for sexual exploitation and the vulnerability of refugee and migrant children) will assist in improving the evidence base for child trafficking and inform the development of more effective responses to these crimes in the Asia–Pacific region. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Jsutice, No. 415: Accessed May 5, 2011 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/0/1/B/%7B01B01E30-2D3F-44EC-A3F6-713A85400134%7Dtandi415.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/0/1/B/%7B01B01E30-2D3F-44EC-A3F6-713A85400134%7Dtandi415.pdf Shelf Number: 121646 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking

Author: de Coning, Eve Title: Transnational Organized Crime in the Fishing Industry. Focus on: Trafficking in Persons; Smuggling of Migrants; Illicit Drugs Trafficking Summary: The study posed the questions whether there is transnational organized crime and other criminal activity in the fishing industry and, if so, what the vulnerabilities of the fishing industry are to transnational organized crime or other criminal activity. The research took the form of a six-month desk review of available literature, supplemented by ad hoc consultations and a two-day expert consultation held in Vienna, Austria. Importantly the study did not set out to tarnish the fishing industry. Rather, the study sought to determine whether criminal activities take place within the fishing industry to the detriment of law-abiding fishers, the legitimate fishing industry, local fishing communities and the general public alike. The study considered the involvement of the fishing industry or the use of fishing vessels in trafficking in persons (Chapter 2); smuggling of migrants (Chapter 3); illicit traffic in drugs (Chapter 4); and other forms of crime such as marine living resource crime, corruption, and piracy and other security related crimes (Chapter 5). Details: Vienna: United Nations, 2011. 146p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed May 9, 2011 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Issue_Paper_-_TOC_in_the_Fishing_Industry.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Issue_Paper_-_TOC_in_the_Fishing_Industry.pdf Shelf Number: 121659 Keywords: Child Trafficking Drug Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Illegal Fishing Illegal Migrants Maritime Crime Offenses Against the Environment Organized Crime Pirates/Piracy

Author: Lalani, Mumtaz Title: Ending the Abuse: Policies That Work to Protect Migrant Domestic Workers Summary: From June 2010 to January 2011 the London-based charity Kalayaan conducted research on the ‘Overseas Domestic Worker’ (ODW) visa system in the UK. Drawing on a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, the research identifies the importance of a legal channel of migration for migrant domestic workers (MDWs) to the UK and confirms that the ODW visa route is working as intended and as such has a negligible impact on net migration to the UK. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of the ODW visa in protecting the rights of MDWs and emphasises the need for similar protections to diplomatic domestic workers. Finally, the research findings indicate that the measures in place to identify and assist trafficked domestic workers in the UK could in no way act as an alternative system of protection to the protections currently afforded to MDWs through the visa. Home Office data for the period from January 2003 to August 2010 shows that 41 per cent of MDWs cited types of abuse or exploitation as their reason for changing employer. The right to change employer thus enables MDWs to escape from abusive employers. Interviews conducted by Kalayaan indicate that this right facilitates workers to negotiate fairer terms and conditions in their future employment, remaining visible in the UK whilst continuing to support their families by sending remittances home. The visa’s portability provision also plays a crucial role in facilitating domestic workers to pursue legal remedies against their employers. Indeed, between May 2009 and December 2010, 53 domestic workers brought employment tribunal cases against their employers; 34 of these cases had been concluded by December 2010. Taking such action would be unthinkable if the worker had to continue working for their employer and residing in their household and would be impossible if workers lost their right to remain in the UK when they fled from an abusive employer. Further, the protections afforded to MDWs under UK employment law, and in particular, the right to legal remedy, arguably help to reduce the incidence of trafficking and forced labour among MDWs. Indeed, in 2009 the Home The overwhelming majority of MDWs accompany their foreign employers to the UK for a finite period of time. Estimates using United Kingdom Border Agency (UKBA) figures show that less than 5 per cent of domestic workers who enter the UK on an ODW visa go on to settle. In 2009, MDWs accounted for a mere 0.5 per cent of the individuals who were awarded settlement in the UK, thus showing that this immigration route has a negligible impact on net migration to the UK. For the few domestic workers who remain in the UK, the route to settlement rids them of their underlying vulnerability by removing their dependency on employers to maintain their immigration status and facilitates their integration into UK society. Details: London: Kalayaan, 2011. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 19, 2011 at: http://www.kalayaan.org.uk/documents/Kalayaan%20Report%20final.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.kalayaan.org.uk/documents/Kalayaan%20Report%20final.pdf Shelf Number: 121759 Keywords: Domestic Workers (U.K.) Forced Labor Human Trafficking Immigrants Immigration Migrant Workers

Author: United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking Title: Exploitation of Cambodian Men at Sea: Facts about the Trafficking of Cambodian Men onto Thai Fishing Boats Summary: An estimated thousands of Cambodian men, women, and children are trafficked annually to Thailand for the purpose of labor exploitation. Some of the worst exploited are the men and boys who are deceived onto long-haul fishing boats that fish the waters of the South China Sea, including into Malaysian waters. These boats, out to sea for up to two years or more, become virtual prisons on which the trafficking victims endure inhumane working conditions, and physical abuse. Death at sea is frequently reported, sometimes at the hands of the Thai boat captains. The only way to escape is to jump ship when the boat goes ashore for registration/documentation purposes in places like Sarawak, Malaysia. This SIREN report summarizes the facts about the trafficking of 49 Cambodian men and boys trafficked onto Thai long-haul fishing boats and assisted over the past 18 months by a network of responders spanning Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia. There are some variations in the scenarios faced by these men and boys, but the common theme is deception and debt bondage by two or more Khmer and Thai brokers; their sale to a Thai boat owner for 10,000-15,000 Baht; slave-like working conditions at sea, including beatings, deprivation of food, inhumane work hours (for example, working 3 days and nights straight when nets need to be mended), lack of medical treatment for illnesses and injuries, and threats of death; and sometimes, reportedly, murder. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: UNIAP, 2009. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: SIREN Case Analysis: Accessed May 24, 2011 at: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb3.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb3.pdf Shelf Number: 121824 Keywords: Debt Bondage Fishing Industry Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation (Cambodia) Male Victims of Trafficking

Author: European Roma Rights Centre and People in Need Title: Breaking the Silence: Trafficking in Romani Communities Summary: Estimates provided during research by the ERRC and PiN about the perceived representation of Roma among trafficked persons in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia are several times higher than the proportion of Roma among the general population, indicating a disproportionate impact of this practice on Romani communities. Romani women and children were found to be particularly vulnerable to trafficking, which brings Roma to other countries and to other locations within their home countries. Roma are trafficked for various purposes, including sexual exploitation, labour exploitation, domestic servitude, organ trafficking, illegal adoption and forced begging. The vulnerability factors identified in this study are closely linked to those commonly associated with non-Romani trafficked persons and include structural forms of ethnic and gender discrimination, poverty and social exclusion which result in low educational achievement, high levels of unemployment, usury, growing up in State care, domestic violence and substance abuse. Gaps in law, policy and practice in the field of anti-trafficking constitute barriers to the fight against trafficking in Romani communities. Few Roma are identified by police as trafficked persons and many are reluctant to report themselves to law enforcement agencies for fear of reprisal from their traffickers or of prosecution for the conduct of criminal acts as a trafficked person. Similarly low numbers of Romani trafficked persons access victim prevention and protection services and general social protection systems are failing to reduce the extreme vulnerability of Roma to trafficking. The overwhelming lack of support available to Romani trafficked persons negatively impacts the ability of many to re-integrate, leaving them highly vulnerable to re-trafficking. Details: Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 2011. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2011 at: http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/breaking-the-silence-19-march-2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/breaking-the-silence-19-march-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 121936 Keywords: Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking Minorities Romanies Sexual Exploitation Trafficking in Organs

Author: Simmons, Frances Title: Strengthening Australia's Response to Human Trafficking. Report to the Australian Women's Coalition Summary: The purpose of this report is to provide the Australian Women's Coalition with an overview of the evolution of the Australian Government's response to trafficking since 2004. The report makes recommendations about how to strengthen Australia's response to the emerging issues of labour trafficking, trafficking for forced marriage and the broader issue of criminal exploitation. Details: Sydney: Anti-Slavery Project, 2010. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2011 at: http://www.awcaus.org.au/resources/documents/TraffickingUpdate-UTS.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.awcaus.org.au/resources/documents/TraffickingUpdate-UTS.pdf Shelf Number: 122356 Keywords: Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Trafficking (Australia)

Author: Barnett, Laura Title: Trafficking in Persons Summary: Trafficking in persons has become one of the most pressing issues in global migration policy. The illegal transportation and harbouring of people for the purposes of forced service and other forms of exploitation is a violation of internationally and domestically recognized human rights. Organizations have arrived at different estimates concerning the extent of this global problem, partly because of differences in the interpretation of the term, but primarily because the clandestine nature of the crimes involved makes it difficult to produce accurate statistics. The United Nations (UN) has previously estimated that 700,000 people are trafficked annually worldwide, though it has most recently reported that any estimates made to date have been controversial due to the difficulty in determining “with any precision how many victims of human trafficking there are, where they come from or where they are going.” This paper will discuss the concept of trafficking in general terms and provide an overview of the legislative framework surrounding the issue at the international level and within the Canadian context. It will conclude with a discussion of potential gaps in Canadian legislation and policy with respect to trafficking in persons. Details: Ottawa: Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Background Paper: Accessed August 15, 2011 at: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-59-e.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-59-e.pdf Shelf Number: 122352 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Canada) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Romania. Ministry of the Interior and Administration Reform, National Agency Against Trafficking in Persons Title: Report on Trafficking in Persons in Romania - 2007 Summary: Chapter 1 provides an analysis of the magnitude of the trafficking in persons phenomenon in 2007 related to the main indicators supplied by the centralized database on victims of trafficking. The analysis focuses on the situation of victims identified throughout the year in terms of the socio-demographic factors (gender, age, schooling, area of origin) and the characteristics of their involvement in the reported situation (recruitment methods, relationship with the recruiters, destination countries, forms of exploitation, time of entry into trafficking, exploitation period). The chapter then separately describes the categories of female, male and child victims of both international and internal trafficking, as well as the profiling of the two major forms of exploitation, forced labour and sexual. A clear situation of victims in comparison with the main destination countries (Italy, Spain, the Czech Republic and Romania for internal trafficking) is also contained in this first chapter. Chapter 2 deals with The national integrated system to monitor and assess the trafficking phenomenon, which became operational in January 2007; it is a centralized database on trafficking issues, which supplied most of the data contained in this report. Chapter 3 outlines the Amendments to the trafficking legislation made in 2007 with particular reference to Emergency Ordinance 113/2007 to amend Law 211/2004 concerning measures to ensure protection to victims of crime and legal drafts initiated by ANITP, both approved and pending approval. Chapter 4 describes the efforts made in Preventing trafficking in persons and materialized in national and local campaigns and training sessions for specialists in the field.. Chapter 5 – Combating trafficking in persons addresses the phenomenon from a judicial perspective, emphasis being place on the evolution of the criminal phenomenon and its characteristics in the period under review, as well as on the victim participation in trial and investigations into trafficking in persons offences. Relevant aspects in the field of judicial cooperation and inter-institutional cooperation within the framework of the “Victim/Witness in Trial Coordination” project are also presented. Chapter 6 deals with the basic elements of activities in the field of Victim protection, assistance and social reintegration, respectively the National Integrated System for Victim Identification and Referral, National Standards of Victim Assistance Services, the National Interest Program “Improving victim protection and assistance activities”, as well as the contribution of social governmental and non-governmental actors, including foreign organizations and authorities. Chapter 7 outlines the monitoring and assessment activity of the Inter-ministerial Working Group and its significant contribution to the Inter-institutional Cooperation in the field of trafficking in persons and assistance provided to such victims. This contribution has been effected into collabourative protocols, cooperation plans and partnership agreements with various institutions, directions and NGOs, as well as the re-structuring of regional inter-institutional anti-trafficking teams required by a complex approach of the phenomenon at local levels. Sub-chapter 7.2 deals with professional training modalities and the categories of specialists who received trafficking in persons related training. Chapter 8 – Trafficking in persons and the media provides an analysis on how trafficking issues are covered in print and audiovisual media and the receptivity of the audience towards such problems. The chapter gives concise data regarding the number of publications, modalities to approach the subject in the print media, number and type of audiovisual broadcasts, press conferences and thematic public debates. Chapter 9 – International cooperation in the field of prevention of trafficking and assistance provided to victims outlines the efforts of collaboration with public or private authorities in the main European countries of destination for Romanian victims; activities to obtain external non-reimbursable funds; projects proposed, approved or under implementation and partner countries; cooperation with non-EU countries and international organizations; Romania’s participation in regional and international meetings, study visits, conferences and reunions. Chapter 10 The final chapter in the report provides recommendations to improve the activities carried out by state institutions and partner organizations, national and international, with a view to reduce the magnitude of the phenomenon and socially reintegrate trafficking victims. Details: Bucharest: Ministry of the Interior and Administration Reform, 2008. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2011 at: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/raport%202007%20engleza.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Romania URL: http://anitp.mai.gov.ro/en/trafic/rapoarte/raport%202007%20engleza.pdf Shelf Number: 122722 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Romania) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Kagan, Carolyn Title: Experiences of Forced Labour Among Chinese Migrant Workers Summary: This report reveals the experiences of Chinese migrant workers in the UK. It looks at forced labour and exploitation, the role of family and social relationships, and how far migrants are able to exercise control over their lives. The report: • outlines contemporary patterns of migration for work from China to the UK; • explores the complex relationship between migration, work and family; • employs a continuum of exploitation (from decent work to forced labour) to describe the working conditions and patterns of employment of Chinese migrant workers in the UK; • considers those factors that render low-skilled migrant workers from China vulnerable to forced labour; and • identifies actions that can be taken by government, civil society organisations, trade unions and employers. Details: York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2011. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2011 at: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/Chinese-labour-EBOOK.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/Chinese-labour-EBOOK.pdf Shelf Number: 123221 Keywords: Forced Labor Immigrants (U.K.)

Author: Seelke, Clare Ribando Title: Trafficking in Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean (updated Sept. 2011) Summary: Trafficking in persons (TIP) for the purpose of exploitation is a lucrative criminal activity that is of major concern to the United States and the international community. According to the most recent U.S. State Department estimates, roughly 800,000 people are trafficked across borders each year. If trafficking within countries is included in the total world figures, official U.S. estimates are that some 2 million to 4 million people are trafficked annually. While most trafficking victims still appear to originate from South and Southeast Asia or the former Soviet Union, human trafficking is also a growing problem in Latin America. Countries in Latin America serve as source, transit, and destination countries for trafficking victims. Latin America is a primary source region for people trafficked to the United States. As many as 17,500 are trafficked into the United States each year, according to State Department estimates. In FY2010, primary countries of origin for the 449 foreign trafficking victims certified as eligible to receive U.S. assistance included Mexico, Honduras, Haiti, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic (along with India and Thailand). Since enactment of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA, P.L. 106-386), Congress has taken steps to address human trafficking by authorizing new programs and reauthorizing existing ones, appropriating funds, creating new criminal laws, and conducting oversight on the effectiveness and implications of U.S. anti-TIP policy. Most recently, the TVPA was reauthorized through FY2011 in the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-457). Obligations for U.S.-funded anti-TIP programs in Latin America totaled roughly $17.1 million in FY2010. On June 27, 2011, the State Department issued its 11th annual, congressionally mandated report on human trafficking. The report categorizes countries into four “tiers” according to the government’s efforts to combat trafficking. Those countries that do not cooperate in the fight against trafficking (Tier 3) have been made subject to U.S. foreign assistance sanctions. While Cuba and Venezuela are the only Latin American countries ranked on Tier 3 in this year’s TIP report, seven other countries in the region—Barbados, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Panama, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Bahamas—are on the Tier 2 Watch List. Unless those countries make significant progress in the next six months, they could receive a Tier 3 ranking in the 2012 report. Activity on combating TIP has continued into the 112th Congress, particularly related to efforts to reauthorize the TVPA and oversee TIP programs and operations, including U.S.-funded programs in Latin America. Congress may also consider increasing funding for anti-TIP programs in the region, possibly through the Mérida Initiative for Mexico, the Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI) or through other assistance programs. Congress is likely to monitor new trends in human trafficking in the region, such as the increasing involvement of Mexican drug trafficking organizations in TIP and the problem of child trafficking in Haiti, which has worsened since that country experienced a devastating earthquake on January 12, 2010. For more general information on human trafficking and a discussion of TIP-related legislation in the 112th Congress, see CRS Report RL34317, Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress, by Alison Siskin and Liana Sun Wyler. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: RL33200: Accessed November 5, 2011 at: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1865&context=key_workplace&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dtrafficking%2520in%2520persons%2520in%2520latin%2520america%2520and%2520the%2520caribbean%25202011%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CB0QFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1865%2526context%253Dkey_workplace%26ei%3DIli1TpOxDOng2AWQ-_3MDQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNHe7MQuba4HeHzqaqdl0iSwdAgg0g#search=%22trafficking%20persons%20latin%20america%20caribbean%202011%22 Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1865&context=key_workplace&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dtrafficking%2520in%2520persons%2520in%2520latin%2520a Shelf Number: 123241 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Latin American and the Caribbea Sexual Exploitation

Author: Bilger, Veronika Title: Study on the Assessment of the Extent of Different Types of Trafficking in Human Beings in EU Countries Summary: Action against trafficking in human beings has become an important issue on the political agenda of the European Union and its Member States during the last decade. The design of effective measures (those that aim to foster prevention, protect victims and prosecute traffickers) has been commonly agreed to be built on appropriate legal and regulatory framework, research, data collection and information management. The lack of systematically collected and managed statistical data relevant to trafficking in human beings is one of the main obstacles to the successful and effective implementation of anti-trafficking policies and efforts. Objectives • To elaborate appropriate background information and on to assess the extent of different forms of trafficking in human beings in 17 EU Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom). Outcomes • Comprehensive overview of national data on THB in the 17 EU countries covered • Comprehensive overview of national legislation on THB and related areas in the 17 EU countries covered • Comparative Analysis of assessed extent of different types of THB in the 17 EU countries covered • 17 Country Reports on national legislation, national statistics, and assessments of national developments in regard to the extent of THB in 17 countries covered. • Minimum and maximum scenarios on the total (17 countries) extent of different types of THB following the legal and administrative distinctions between victims and perpetrators but also between cases and persons on. Details: Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2010. 448p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2011 at: http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Publications/THB_extent/Study_extent_of_THB_final_26Nov2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://research.icmpd.org/fileadmin/Research-Website/Publications/THB_extent/Study_extent_of_THB_final_26Nov2010.pdf Shelf Number: 123304 Keywords: Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Scotland. Equality and Human Rights Commission Title: Inquiry into Human Trafficking in Scotland Summary: The Commission undertook to inquire into the nature and extent of human trafficking in Scotland focusing mainly, but not exclusively, on trafficking for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. Other main purposes such as forced labour, domestic servitude and criminal exploitation were also investigated. The Commission also sought to inquire into the factors that give rise to human trafficking in Scotland. The role played by demand for cheap and exploitable labour, particularly relating to commercial sexual exploitation, along with push factors such as poverty and inequality in source countries, was therefore central to the Inquiry. The Inquiry further considered how policy and practice in Scotland compared to international anti-trafficking obligations, particularly in relation to: The investigation, prosecution, and monitoring of traffickers; The identification and treatment of victims; The extent and quality of statutory and specialist services and accommodation for victims. Finally, the Inquiry sought to identify good practice, particularly in relation to prevention and prohibition of trafficking, prosecution of traffickers, and protection of victims. The Inquiry’s findings led to a series of recommendations detailed within this report. These recommendations, aimed at the various institutions and agencies with a role to play in tackling human trafficking in Scotland, are designed to help prevent human trafficking and improve responses to it. The Inquiry also suggests that institutions and agencies have regard to two other recent reports on trafficking in Scotland. These are the report in December 2010 of the previous Equal Opportunities Committee, ‘Inquiry into Migration and Trafficking’, and ‘Scotland: a safe place for child traffickers’ by Scotland’s Commissioner for Children and Young People, published in March 2011. Details: Edinburgh: Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2011. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 30, 2011 at: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/Scotland/Human_Trafficking_in_Scotland_/inquiry_into_human_trafficking_in_scotland-full-report_pdf_.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/Scotland/Human_Trafficking_in_Scotland_/inquiry_into_human_trafficking_in_scotland-full-report_pdf_.pdf Shelf Number: 123490 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Scotland) Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Catholic Migration Commission Title: Bondaged Souls: Migration and Situation of Trafficking in Sabah, Malaysia Summary: Human trafficking is a multi-dimensional issue. It is a crime that deprives people of their human rights and freedoms, increases global health risks, fuels growing networks of organized crime, and can sustain levels of poverty and hinder development in certain areas. The impacts of human trafficking are devastating. Victims may suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape, threats against self and family or even death. But the devastation also extends beyond individual victims; human trafficking undermines the health, safety and security of all nations it touches, including Malaysia. The Bondaged Souls video and accompanying training manual reveal the suffering of trafficking victims as their tell their personal stories about the intricate workings of the human trafficking business in Sabah, Malaysia. The transational nature of human trafficking, however, poses enormous challenges to governments worldwide. The Bondaged Souls materials have been designed to provide training facilitators with a practical resource for expanding understanding of cross-border human trafficking, particularly amongst Malaysian and international stakeholders. All training modules are flexible and can be used for various purposes ranging from a short presentation to a complete two-day training. The training package includes a training video, which is divided into four episodes, including: 1.Migration and trafficking 2.Modus operandi and debt bondage 3.Exploitation 4.Plan of action Details: Geneva: ICMC, 2011. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://www.icmc.net/system/files/publication/bondaged_souls_migration_and_the_situation_of_tra_20269.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Malaysia URL: http://www.icmc.net/system/files/publication/bondaged_souls_migration_and_the_situation_of_tra_20269.pdf Shelf Number: 123552 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking

Author: Samuel Hall Consulting for the International Labour Organization (ILO) Title: Buried in Bricks: A Rapid Assessment of Bonded Labour in Brick Kilns in Afghanistan Summary: This study analyses bonded labour in brick kilns within the broader humanitarian and development context to help stakeholders address the risks of bonded labour in light of social, economic and political policy priorities. It provides a bottom-up and top-down analysis drawing from data gathered from bonded labourers, employers, and local community leaders in Deh Sabz, Kabul, and Surkhroad, Nangarhar, as well as from interviews with stakeholders and experts between August and October 2011. Details: Kabul, Afghanistan: Samuel Hall Consulting, 2011. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2012 at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_172671.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_172671.pdf Shelf Number: 124135 Keywords: Child Labor (Afghanistan) Forced Labor Human Rights

Author: Davies, John Title: 'My Name is Not Natasha' How Albania Women in France Use Trafficking to Overcome Social Exclusion (1998-2001) Summary: This book analyses and explains a trafficking crisis experienced by a group of Albanian women in Lyon, France, between 1998 and 2001. The book proposes new theoretical explanations for Albanian trafficking that considers women’s experiences of social stigma and exclusion as becoming the main reason for Albanian women being involved in trafficking, after an initial period when young women were mainly deceived into abusive relationships that were then used to coerce them into forced labour. The Albanian trafficking discourse is currently dominated by the idea that Roma and rural women experiencing poverty and social disadvantage are coerced or deceived into trafficking networks that move them across borders and reduce them to sexual slavery because of the ‘demand’ of men for paid sex. This book argues that the conceptualisation that considers trafficking as being best explained by the ‘demand’ of men for paid sex and the naivety of the trafficked women is inadequate for explaining many of the trafficking experiences reported by the Albanian women in Lyon. This book contends that many women were initially deceived into marriage with men who then exploited them; these deceived wives were subjugated through the exploitation of patrilocal marriages that invested in the husband the ability to make non-altruistic household decisions. This meant that their migration could be understood by refining the new economics of migration model and the role of non-altruistic actors who might exploit its processes. Once the nature of trafficking networks became well-known Albanian women increasingly refused to accept such marriages. However, because other Albanian women lacked social networks able to support them in their migration goals, many socially excluded divorced women began to use the trafficking networks as a mobility strategy in pursuit of migration goals beyond prostitution. The book thus argues that many trafficked women were not motivated to migrate because of economic considerations but by a determination to achieve social rehabilitation through foreign marriage. These women wanted to chain migrate but their weak social networks could not sustain their intended migration. Therefore, these women used trafficking as a means to reach destinations where they could build new networks and strengthen their old social networks. Then they would eventually re-engage with their social networks without being an onerous burden. This is a new analysis based on previously unknown data and so the book is original and adds to our knowledge regarding trafficking as a means to pursue chain migration goals by compensating for inadequate social networks through the use of trafficking networks. The book concludes that rather than being best explained by ‘demand’ as a focal problem trafficking can be better understood by considering trafficking as a gendered aspect of crisis in a migration order in transition. This extension of Van Hear’s migration order theory is also a new application of the subjective notion of intolerability as being a substantial motivation for migration. Details: Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009. 325p. Source: IMISCOE Dissertations: Internet Resource: Accessed February 29, 2012 at http://dare.uva.nl/document/174696 Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://dare.uva.nl/document/174696 Shelf Number: 124330 Keywords: Female Victims Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Traffikcing (France) Immigration Sex Work

Author: Lo, Sandy Title: Chinese Migrants: Their Experiences in Their Own Words Summary: What is life like for Chinese migrants who come to the UK? As part of a project on Chinese migrant workers, this collection of stories lets them describe their experiences in their own words. It explores: - what draws people from China to the UK; - how they made the move; - their experiences when they get here; - how they build a new life. It shows: - how difficult it can be to move to better jobs here; - how vulnerable they are; and - reveals the impact on family and relationships. Finally, it examines how people decide if they should stay or leave, and what stops them escaping exploitation. Details: York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2011. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed March 2, 2012 at: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/chinese-migrant-experience-full.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/chinese-migrant-experience-full.pdf Shelf Number: 124349 Keywords: Chinese Migrants (U.K.) Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation

Author: Verité Title: Help Wanted: Hiring, Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery in the Global Economy Summary: Verité’s HELP WANTED initiative – a research and advocacy effort described in this report – aims to clarify and publicize the ways in which current labor broker practices can create hiring traps; and to provide concrete approaches by which private sector, civil society, and governmental institutions can address this key point of leverage to reduce the risk of a worker ending up a victim of modern-day slavery. Labor brokers – middlemen in the recruitment, hiring and/or management of laborers – operate at the core of the global economy. Complex supply chains necessitate levels of coordination and expertise that are not easily found within a given company because the challenges are spread out over multiple countries and time zones, and workforces are in many instances comprised of workers from far-flung lands. Companies turn to labor brokers to manage many of these challenges, but the increasing use of labor brokers brings with it troubling issues of fragmented and opaque social accountability. For workers, labor brokerage increases migration and job acquisition costs and the risk of serious exploitation, including slavery. Verité is a global advocate for workers. Through our understanding of the perspectives of workers, we find solutions to human rights violations in good business practices. We work to remove dangers and abuses in workplaces around the world by providing knowledge, skills Workers are at heightened vulnerability to modern-day slavery when they have been brought to work away from their homes. This vulnerability is generated or exacerbated by the involvement of labor brokers. Labor brokers act as the middlemen, facilitating a connection between potential workers and their eventual employers. The system of labor brokerage is widespread, opaque, sometimes corrupt, and largely lacking in accountability. In some cases brokerages are substantial, well-organized companies. In others they are informal in their structure and outreach. In all cases their presence in the recruitment and hiring “supply chain” increases the vulnerability of migrant workers to various forms of forced labor once on-the-job. The debt that is often necessary for migrant workers to undertake in order to pay recruitment fees, when combined with the deception that is visited upon them by brokers about job types and salaries, can lead to a situation of debt-bondage – which, according to Anti-Slavery International, is “probably the least known form of slavery today, and yet it is the most widely used method of enslaving people.”1 When a migrant worker finds herself in a foreign country, with formidable recruitment debt and possibly even ancestral family land hanging in the balance, on a work visa that ties her to one employer and a job that doesn’t remotely resemble the salary and conditions that were promised to her by her labor broker, she has fallen into what Verité calls a HIRING TRAP. There are few global workplace problems in more urgent need of attention. This report begins by offering key findings from recent Verité research on the intersection of brokers, migrant workers and slavery. This research was performed in a variety of sectors and locales across the globe, including: the migration of adults from India to the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States of the Middle East for work in construction, infrastructure and the service sector; the migration of children and juveniles from the Indian interior to domestic apparel production hubs; the migration of adults from Guatemala, Mexico and Thailand to work in U.S. agriculture; and the migration of adults from the Philippines, Indonesia and Nepal to the Information Technology sector in Malaysia and Taiwan. This report then presents the factors that, in Verité’s view, constitute the major red flags for vulnerability of migrant workers to broker-induced forced labor. These red flags were present individually or in various combinations across all the sectors and locales of Verité’s research. A set of concrete activities and engagements to promote the fair hiring of migrant workers is offered at the close of the report. Details: Amherst, MA: Verité, Undated. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 25, 2012 at http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2135&context=globaldocs Year: 0 Country: International URL: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2135&context=globaldocs Shelf Number: 124750 Keywords: Adult Victims Forced Labor Human Trafficking Juvenile Victims Migrant Workers Slavery

Author: Australia. Anti-People Trafficking Interdepartmental Committee Title: Trafficking in Persons: The Australian Government Response, January 2004 - April 2009 Summary: People trafficking is a complex, transnational crime which may have a traumatic and lasting effect on victims. Fortunately, the number of people trafficked into Australia is low compared to many other countries in the world. Nonetheless, the Australian Government is committed to combating all forms of people trafficking, including trafficking for sexual servitude and labour exploitation. Between January 2004 and April 2009, the Australian Federal Police undertook over 270 investigations and assessments of allegations of trafficking-related offences, leading to 34 people being charged and seven convictions. There are five trafficking related matters before the Australian courts. Australia provides a comprehensive range of support services for suspected trafficking victims who are able and willing to assist in a criminal investigation or prosecution. One hundred and thirty-one people have received assistance through the Support for Victims of People Trafficking Program since its inception in January 2004. Most victims of trafficking identified in Australia have been women working in the sex industry. Australia’s anti-people trafficking strategy, which was established in 2003, is founded on three equally important needs: to do as much as we can to prevent people trafficking; to prosecute offenders; and to provide support to victims of trafficking, including by protecting their human rights. Over five years has passed since Australia implemented its anti-people trafficking strategy. The strategy now incorporates the work of around ten Commonwealth Government agencies, including the Australian Federal Police, the Office for Women, the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, led by the Attorney-General’s Department as Chair of the Anti-People Trafficking IDC. The Government has implemented a range Details: Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2009. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 3, 2012 at: http://www.ag.gov.au/Documents/IDC%20Annual%20Report_WEB.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ag.gov.au/Documents/IDC%20Annual%20Report_WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 119340 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) Title: Forced Labour: Mini Action Guide Summary: Forced labour is often associated with slavery. That is correct. Forced labour is therefore often associated with the past. This is incorrect. Forced labour continues to manifest itself in new forms throughout the world, and certain contemporary forms are even increasing in numbers of victims in a context of globalisation and increased migration. The ILO made a very conservative minimum estimate in 2005 stating that at any given moment 12.3 million people are working in forced labour conditions. The way in which forced labour is used is constantly changing. The legislation abolishing slavery two centuries ago may have abolished formal slavery and legal ownership of certain people over others; however, in practice forced labour has never been eradicated. Workers in forced labour today loose their freedom of movement through more indirect and less obvious mechanisms such as debt bondage, serfdom, indentured labour, etc. At the same time there are still some persistent vestiges of traditional slavery in certain parts of Africa, and the difference between a modernday domestic worker abused, exploited and locked up in a private home or bonded labourers on remote farms or working with brick kilns and traditional slaves may in practice be smaller than we like to think. Forced labour is a truly global problem affecting every region and all countries in the world whether industrialised or developing, rich or poor. Labour intensive and unregulated industries are affected the most: agriculture, domestic work, construction, mining, quarrying and brick kilns, manufacturing processing and packaging, entertainment and prostitution. Forced labour constitutes the antithesis to decent work and violates all core labour standards. Forced labourers are often victims of discrimination based on ethnicity or sex, and cultural preconceptions about inferiority of certain groups of people are therefore – together with economic hardship – the main root causes of the entire phenomenon. Up to 50 percent of all forced labour victims are children in forced child labour, a “worst forms of child labour”. These workers are under extreme exploitation and often isolated from their peers. Freedom of association and the right to organise will seem a distant dream to them – let alone their right to collective bargaining. Trade unions in most countries around the world are campaigning for decent work for all. We cannot be serious about this if we still allow forced labour and human trafficking to foster in every country around the world. Details: Brussels, Belgium: ITUC International Trade Union Confederation, 2008. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2012 at http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/guide_forced_labour_EN.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/guide_forced_labour_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 124997 Keywords: Debt Bondage Forced Labor Forced Labor, Children Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation

Author: Ham, Julie Title: Moving Beyond 'Supply and Demand' Catchphrases: Assessing the Uses and Limitations of Demand-Based Approaches in Anti-Trafficking Summary: In the anti-trafficking sector, the concept of ‘demand’ typically refers to consumers’, employers’ and clients’ demands for services provided by or products produced by trafficked labour. Although ‘demand’ is widely mentioned in the anti-trafficking literature (see page 16, What do stakeholders usually say about demand?), most references to ‘demand’ don’t go beyond brief statements about: • Needing more research on ‘demand’; • Raising awareness to reduce demand; • Demand as a root cause of trafficking; and • Reducing demand as a trafficking prevention measure. Generally, two different demand-based approaches are discussed as anti-trafficking strategies: (1) calling for the elimination of the sex work sector, and (2) reducing the demand that enables exploitation in various sectors where trafficking occurs. ‘End demand for prostitution’ approaches have been most heavily promoted by prostitution abolitionists, who claim that penalising sex workers’ clients will help fight trafficking. Sex workers rights groups and some antitrafficking organisations (including GAATW) have strongly opposed criminal penalties against clients as this approach: • Has not reduced trafficking or sex work; • Threatens sex workers’ income security and working conditions, such as by increasing competition amongst sex workers, and increasing the vulnerability of sex workers who must negotiate with nervous and scared clients (i.e. less time for workers to determine whether a potential client is safe or not); • Has not stopped violent or abusive clients who are more experienced at evading law enforcement, but has ended up impacting less experienced clients and ‘good’ clients; • Dismisses and silences the concerns, priorities and knowledge of sex workers; • Muddles anti-trafficking efforts by confusing trafficking with sex work; • Increases police’s power over sex workers; and • Increases stigma against women in sex work. Sex workers’ rights groups and anti-trafficking allies have tried to shift the concept of ‘demand’ in a more rights-based direction by: trying to reduce the demand for unprotected paid sex (e.g. by empowering sex workers to demand condom use), reducing the demand for exploitative labour practices within the sex work sector, and increasing awareness among ‘demand’ or clients about treating sex workers respectfully and ethically. Many sex workers rights organisations also advocate for decriminalising consensual sex work while retaining existing criminal penalties against violence in sex work. They and their allies argue that decriminalisation of consensual sex work would: • Help prevent the misuse of anti-trafficking laws to punish women in sex work; • Impact the ‘demand’ for commercial sex by increasing women’s power to manage or negotiate working conditions with clients; • Assist anti-trafficking efforts by fostering cooperation between police and sex workers; • Reduce police violence against sex workers by changing the amount of power police yield over sex workers; and • Allow sex workers to report violence and exploitation to the police without fear of arrest. Another anti-trafficking approach to demand focuses on tackling the demand for exploitative labour practices, in any sector where trafficking can occur. In the sex work sector, re-framing demand-based efforts to reducing the demand for exploitative labour practices in sex work may provide a more productive, rights-based approach than the ‘end demand for prostitution’ approaches currently touted by prostitution abolitionists. The demand for exploitative labour practices (including, but not limited to the sex work sector) generally refers to labour that is: • Low cost - including non-payment or underpayment; • Easy to control - including keeping workers from leaving abusive situations; and • Unprotected - social attitudes that normalise or justify exploitation and discrimination, unregulated labour. The demand for low cost, controllable and unprotected labour can stem from globalised economic processes demanding increasingly flexible labour, and discrimination that can normalise or justify exploitation. Although migrant labour isn’t inherently exploitable, social and political processes can change migrant labour into labour that can be exploited. Migrant labour becomes cheap, controllable and unprotected when: • Labour market demands are undermined by immigration policies; • Migrant workers are labelled or constructed as ‘illegal’; and when • Discrimination against migrants is normalised or justified. Strategies to reduce the demand for exploitative labour practices include: • Creating legal migration channels for working-class migrant workers; • Ensuring coherence between immigration and labour policies; • Decriminalising migration and protecting migrants’ rights; • Enforcing labour standards and improving working conditions; • Reducing discrimination against migrants; • Raising awareness among investors and consumers on how they can help reduce demand. The usefulness of current ‘demand’-based approaches in anti-trafficking may be limited because: • The main focus on clients and consumers can mask significant structural factors that need to be addressed, including poverty and restrictive immigration measures; • Simplistic economic analogies of ‘supply and demand’ may not help to clarify complex social issues, such as trafficking; • Demand-based approaches fail to acknowledge migrants’ and workers’ own demands, motivations, aspirations, resistance strategies and recommendations; and • People talk about ‘demand’ and ‘supply’ as if they’re not connected. Efforts to reduce the demand for exploitative labour practices may be more effective if stakeholders: • Recognise the different ways supply and demand can shape each other, e.g. a large supply of cheap labour can increase the demand for domestic workers; • Focus efforts on reducing the ability of employers to demand vulnerable, exploitable labor, in any sector, not just the sex work industry; • Listen to the ‘supply’s (i.e. workers’) demands, such as the demand for safe migration opportunities, and the demand for safe working conditions. It could well be that problems about ‘demand’ would be best met with ‘supply’-side solutions (i.e. strengthening workers’ rights). For example, how do domestic workers’ organising efforts and labour protections change the expectations and behaviour of employers? Details: Bangkok, Thailand: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, 2011. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/MovingBeyond_SupplyandDemand_GAATW2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/MovingBeyond_SupplyandDemand_GAATW2011.pdf Shelf Number: 125023 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children Title: Abuse Without End: Burmese Refugee Women and Children at Risk of Trafficking Summary: Hundreds of thousands of refugees from Burma, many of them women and children, have fled into neighboring Thailand in the course of the past two decades. Escaping armed conflict and rampant human rights violations in their homeland, these refugees often find that safety eludes them during and after crossing the Thai border. The failure of Thailand to offer them meaningful protection puts them at risk of continued human rights abuses, including trafficking. Women and children are particularly at risk of trafficking, and the sexual and physical exploitation and forced labor associated with it, as they desperately seek a way to support themselves and their families. Details: New York: Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 2006. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2012 at: http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/docs/mm_traff.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/docs/mm_traff.pdf Shelf Number: 125156 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Burma and Thailand) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Holzer, Jacqueline W. Title: A Spatial Analysis of Human Trafficking in Greater Los Angeles Summary: This research provides a spatial analysis of the local anti-human trafficking movement that has emerged in Greater Los Angeles since the discovery of the El Monte case in 1995. Over the past 15 years, the U.S. government has allocated substantial funds and resources to fighting human trafficking in Greater Los Angeles and elsewhere in the country. Non-governmental and governmental institutions have launched a series of awareness campaigns, established coalitions of agencies, developed and implemented rescue strategies and social service programs, and educated tens of thousands of law enforcement members and local communities on the issue of human trafficking. So far, these federally led anti-human trafficking efforts have struggled to yield their expected outcome in terms of the number of victims identified and traffickers prosecuted. Deploying a variety of ethnographic and qualitative methods, this study investigates how and in what form a localization of international and national anti-human trafficking responses through local agents has emerged as an essential but often neglected factor in effectively combating human trafficking in Greater Los Angeles. The study identifies key agents operating in the anti-human trafficking sector and analyzes the forms in which local agents create space for meaningfully and effectively translating national antitrafficking policies into specific local contexts. Results show that community-based organizations embracing the dynamics of place and adopting a strong victim-centered approach have produced better outcomes in terms of identifying victims, organizing adequate and necessary assistance, and seeking justice for survivors of human trafficking. Details: Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 2010. 316p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 26, 2012 at: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Holzer-4100.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/assetserver/controller/item/etd-Holzer-4100.pdf Shelf Number: 125402 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Los Angeles, California) Sexual Exploitation Spatial Analysis

Author: Hartl, Jennifer Ann Title: Human Trafficking in the Russian Federation: An Examination of the Anti-Trafficking Efforts of the Federal Government, Non-Governmental Organizations and the International Organization for Migration Summary: The buying and selling of human beings for the purpose of exploiting their labor seems, to most people, a distant and archaic practice that disappeared in the mid–19th century. The trans-Atlantic slave trade and the infamous Middle Passage are phenomena studied in history courses, as though they were secured firmly in the past. To be sure, the ‘peculiar institution’ of the legal trade in human beings did end during the 19th century; the legal ownership of slaves in the United States ended when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in 1863. Yet, the illegal trade in humans has continued and, today, illegal modern slavery exists on every continent in the world. It is sustained by global traffic of men, women, and children, which is financed and operated by international organized crime networks in some cases and unscrupulous individuals – including friends and family members of the enslaved – in others. The trafficking of human beings for the exploitation of their labor in the Russian Federation is the focus this paper. Specifically, this paper examines human trafficking operations in Russia and the efforts of the Russian government, non-governmental organizations, and the International Organization for Migration to prevent trafficking, prosecute traffickers, and provide assistance to survivors of trafficking. To put this into context, I first discuss the problem of human trafficking on a global scale, particularly focusing on the nature of human trafficking as a global issue as well explaining the differences between human trafficking and human smuggling. I then consider the root causes of human trafficking including both push and pull factors which sustain the business of trafficking in persons. I acknowledge the problem of conducting data and research on human trafficking, particularly methodological challenges, and the need for better data on human trafficking. My in-depth study of human trafficking in the Russian Federation includes discussions of the main forms of trafficking, health issues related to human trafficking, trafficking and the shadow economy, and the relationships between trafficking, corruption, and organized crime. I evaluate the anti-trafficking efforts in Russia by the Federal Government, non-governmental organizations, and the International Organization for Migration. Following and evaluation of anti-trafficking efforts in Russia, I will discuss recommendations for future anti-trafficking policy. Details: Iowa City: University of Iowa, 2010. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 26, 2012 at: http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1867&context=etd Year: 2010 Country: Russia URL: http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1867&context=etd Shelf Number: 125407 Keywords: Corruption Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Russian Federation) Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: Farrell, Amy Title: Identifying Challenges to Improve the Investigation and Prosecution of State and Local Human Trafficking Cases Summary: Over the past two decades, the American public has become increasingly concerned about the problem of human trafficking. In response, federal and state legislatures have passed laws to promote the identification of and assistance to victims, and to support the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking perpetrators. In 2000, the federal government passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA). This law defined a new set of crimes related to human trafficking and enhanced penalties for existing offenses, such as slavery, peonage, and involuntary servitude. Since passage of the TVPA, 49 states have enacted legislation criminalizing human trafficking. Despite the attention and resources directed at combating this crime, reports indicate that fewer cases of human trafficking have been identified and prosecuted than would be expected based on estimates of the problem, causing speculation that the provisions of federal and state anti-human trafficking laws are not being enforced by government officials and that law enforcement agencies are not working together to confront the problem. Still others suggest that the incidence of human trafficking is grossly overestimated. Previous research has documented the challenges that state and local law enforcement faces in identifying human trafficking cases, but we do not yet know which practices would improve the ability of local agencies to identify, investigate, and successfully prosecute human trafficking cases. This study seeks to fill these gaps. Using a multi-method approach to examining the way local and state police, prosecutors, and courts investigate and prosecute human trafficking cases, we discuss challenges to the identification and investigation of these difficult cases, and propose strategies for overcoming the barriers to investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases in the U.S. Details: Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 2012. 322p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 31, 2012 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412593-State-and-Local-Human-Trafficking-Cases.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412593-State-and-Local-Human-Trafficking-Cases.pdf Shelf Number: 125820 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prosecution, Human Traffickers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Cook, Nicolas Title: Conflict Minerals in Central Africa: U.S. and International Responses Summary: “Conflict minerals” are ores that, when sold or traded, have played key roles in helping to fuel conflict and extensive human rights abuses, since the late 1990s, in far eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The main conflict minerals are the so-called the “3TGs”: ores of tantalum and niobium, tin, tungsten, and gold, and their derivatives. Diverse international efforts to break the link between mineral commerce and conflict in central Africa have been proposed or are under way. Key initiatives include government and industry-led mineral tracking and certification schemes. These are designed to monitor trade in minerals to keep armed groups from financially benefitting from this commerce, in compliance with firm-level and/or industry due diligence policies that prohibit transactions with armed groups. Congress has long been concerned about conflicts and human rights abuses in the DRC. Hearings during successive congresses have focused on ways to help end or mitigate their effects, and multiple resolutions and bills seeking the same goals have been introduced. Several have become law. The most extensive U.S. law aimed at halting the trade in conflict minerals, specifically the 3TGs, is Section 1502 of Title XV of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203). Among other ends, Section 1502 requires the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to issue rules mandating that SEC-regulated businesses that use conflict minerals in their products: • report if they obtained their mineral supplies from the DRC or nearby countries; • be permitted to label as “DRC conflict free” products that they can credibly demonstrate do not incorporate minerals sourced in a manner that directly or indirectly finances or benefits armed groups in DRC or adjoining countries; • publicly report to the SEC on those of their products which do incorporate minerals that are not “DRC conflict free”—and which may not be labeled as such—and on diligence measures used to obtain these minerals. Section 1502 raises complex rule design, compliance, cost estimate, and implementation questions, and Section 1502 advocates and critics—many politically influential—have been urging the SEC issue rules favorable to their respective views and interests. The complexity of the matters at issue and diversity of interests affected have prompted the SEC to repeatedly delay issuance of a final rule, although it is expected to act on the matter in mid-August 2012. Key rulemaking issues under debate include: • timing and a possible phase-in of rule implementation; and • what due diligence standards are to be used. There is widespread support for use of due diligence guidelines developed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in eventual Section 1502 rules, both to ensure complementarity between U.S. and international conflict mineral trade abatement efforts, most of which employ the OECD guidelines, and to enable these schemes to mature. The State Department has provided to Congress a strategy aimed at breaking the link between mineral trade and conflict and, together with the U.S. Agency for International Development, is implementing programs in central Africa to support tracking and certification schemes; local small-scale mining communities; anti-mining labor abuse efforts; and related ends. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: CRS Report R42618: Accessed August 7, 2012 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42618.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Africa URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42618.pdf Shelf Number: 125897 Keywords: Conflict Minerals (Africa) Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Natural Resources Violence

Author: Braunmiller, Julia Title: The Protection Project Review of the Trafficking in Persons Report Summary: On June 19, 2012, the United States Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons released the 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report). The TIP Report is comprehensive, well drafted, and thoroughly documented. In my opinion, the Report constitutes the primary reference and main source of information on efforts made by governments worldwide to combat trafficking in persons. The purpose of this review is to analyze the valuable information provided in the TIP Report. The Report is not only a diplomatic tool designed to engage governments in the battle against trafficking; it also serves an educational function, which has been the inspiration for this research. Details: Washington, DC: The Protection Project, The Johns Hopkins University, The Paul H. Nitze School Of Advanced International Studies, 2012. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed August 13, 2012 at: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TIP-Review-2012-Final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TIP-Review-2012-Final.pdf Shelf Number: 126004 Keywords: Child Sex Tourism Child Trafficking Debt Bondage Forced Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Korsby, Trine Mygind Title: Au Pair and Trafficked? Recruitment, Residence in Denmark and Dreams for the Future. A qualitative study of the prevalence and risk of human trafficking in the situations and experiences of a group of au pairs in Denmark Summary: This report deals with au pairs in Denmark, and its aim is to determine whether there is human trafficking, or elements of human trafficking, in the situations and experiences of a group of au pairs. In this report, the Danish Centre against Human Trafficking aims to examine the situation in Denmark and the possible links between the au pair field and trafficking. The report thus focuses on arenas where the exploitation of au pairs may occur. Au pairs are vulnerable on several levels, and may be exposed to various forms of exploitation, as has also been pointed out by the International Labour Organisation (ILO 2009: 34). It is this vulnerability and susceptibility of au pairs in relation to their recruitment, their stay in Denmark and their subsequent experiences which will provide the focus of this report. The au pair field has changed significantly in recent years, from being a cultural exchange programme aimed mainly at Europeans who wished to spend time abroad and learn about another country's language and culture, to now also being very much used by people who want to travel to the West to earn money (Anderson 2000: 23; Vermeulen 2007: 126, 130; Stenum 2008: 58; Williams & Gavanas 2008: 19; Øien 2009: 9, 72). This 'new' group has different motivations and backgrounds than the 'traditional' group of au pairs, as they often come from a context of poverty and lack of opportunities in their home countries, which puts the au pairs at a greater risk of finding themselves in situations in which they may be exploited by others, such as traffickers. The idea behind this report is to uncover some of the issues that define and characterise the conditions of au pairs, particularly in relation to their recruitment, as it is largely in the recruitment phase that exploitation may commence and that human trafficking thereby may be initiated. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive description or quantitatively-based survey of the au pair field in Denmark, but to give readers an insight into some of the issues that may confront au pairs. In the report, the reader will meet 27 au pairs a small sample of the au pairs who currently live and work in Denmark and hear about their lives and experiences. The report focuses particularly on how these people became au pairs and the challenges and problems they have encountered along the way, but also on their experiences in Denmark. At the same time, the report also deals with the dreams and ideas that the au pairs have about their future, as an au pair stay may be considered a first step in their journeys as migrants. The report concludes with a review of indicators of human trafficking and an assessment of whether the situations and stories of the informants reveal indicators of human trafficking. Details: Odense, Denmark: National Board of Social Services, 2010. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 16, 2012 at: www.servicestyrelsen.dk/filer/udgivelser/au-pair-and-trafficked Year: 2010 Country: Denmark URL: Shelf Number: 126051 Keywords: Au Pairs Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Denmark)

Author: Great Britain. Inter-Department Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking Title: First Annual Report of the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking Summary: This report sets out an assessment of human trafficking in the UK by the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking (IDMG), recognising that human trafficking is an international crime that touches people and communities all over the world. The IDMG comprises representatives from the UK Government, the Scottish Government, the Northern Ireland Executive and the Welsh Government. All IDMG members have agreed the content of this report. Fuelled primarily by those who seek to make a profit from the misery of others, human trafficking is the vilest of crimes and equates to modern day slavery. Men, women and children from across the world are exploited and forced into performing services or other work against their will. In some instances the exploitation can be experienced over a prolonged period of time. Those who are exploited may face years of sexual abuse, forced labour, or domestic servitude and, in many instances never fully recover from their traumatic experience. A range of socio-economic factors (including poverty, poor education, and poor employment opportunities) mean that some individuals are more susceptible and vulnerable to exploitation. The ease of international travel allows more and more people to move and settle elsewhere: from villages and towns to cities; from one city or region to another; or across international boundaries; either through necessity or for want of a better life. This increased mobility can be positive both economically and socially but it can also open up greater opportunities for vulnerable people to be exploited. Human trafficking is a global phenomenon and the nature of the crime is such that no one country or agency acting on its own can tackle it effectively. The key to eradicating trafficking is partnership working – at a local, national and international level. The desire of organised criminals to make a profit means that they are constantly changing and evolving their modus operandi to maximise the exploitation of others and to evade law enforcement. The UK must remain alive to this and adapt its response accordingly. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that the profits of traffickers world wide are in excess of 32 billion US$ each year. Anti-trafficking actions must therefore seek to recover victims, reduce the profits of traffickers, and increase their risk of capture, prosecution and conviction. Details: London: Stationery Office, 2012. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: Cm 8421: Accessed November 2, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/human-trafficking-report?view=Binary Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/human-trafficking-report?view=Binary Shelf Number: 126815 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.K.) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lobasz, Jennifer Kathleen Title: Victims, Villains, and the Virtuous: Constructing the Problems of “Human Trafficking” Summary: Over the past two decades, human trafficking has come to be seen as a growing threat, and transnational advocacy networks opposed to human trafficking have succeeded in establishing trafficking as a pressing political problem. The meaning of human trafficking, however, remains an object of significant—and heated—contestation among transnational actors with opposing perspectives on prostitution, the appropriate balance between law enforcement and human rights protection, and migration. The outcomes of disputes over meaning are highly significant. Anti-trafficking discourses establish regimes of knowledge that set boundaries for how scholars, activists, legislators, and citizens conceive of human trafficking—they establish what trafficking is and who counts as trafficked, and create narratives that explain how trafficking has become a problem and what should be done to fix it. In this dissertation I conduct a genealogical discourse analysis of anti-trafficking advocacy, policy, and scholarship in the United States from the late 1970s to 2000, looking in particular at feminist and religious abolitionist advocacy networks, and the role they play in the creation of the U.S. Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. I argue that “human trafficking” is better understood as a contested concept rather than as an objectively given problem. The meaning of trafficking is constructed rather than inherent, and inseparable from the political context through which it is produced. Details: Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 2012. 270p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 20, 2012 at: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/131822/1/Lobasz_umn_0130E_12756.pdf Shelf Number: 126941 Keywords: Feminism Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Finnish National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Title: The Finnish National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings: Report 2011 Summary: Finland is a transit and destination country for dozens or even hundreds of victims of trafficking every year. The victims can be women, children or men. In Finland, human trafficking manifests itself in at least two ways: prostitution and procuring. The exploitation of foreign workers and immigrants in households and sectors such as the restaurant, construction, cleaning, metal, transport and garden industries as well as in berry-picking jobs can meet the statutory definition of a human trafficking offence. No cases of organ trafficking have been reported in Finland to date. Finnish citizens may also fall victim to human trafficking. In Finland, human trafficking is an offence which carries a severe penalty. Under our national legislation, the following acts are considered human trafficking: • sexual abuse or exploitation akin to a procuring offence; • forced labour or other demeaning circumstances; or • trafficking in human organs for financial gain. This report presents statistics on human trafficking issues recorded at the Office of the Ombudsman for Minorities in 2009 and 2010, divided into customer contacts, requests for information and the Rapporteur’s own initiatives, opinions and publications. Additionally, the statistics show a small group of other matters related to human trafficking. Compared to 2009, the number of customer contacts and requests for information went up considerably. The Office and its personnel published a greater number of articles and other documents in 2010 than it did the year before. The number of media contacts also increased. Details: Helsinki: Vähemmistövaltuutettu, 2011. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Publication 8: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://www.ofm.fi/download/31724_Ihmiskaupparaportti_englanti.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Finland URL: http://www.ofm.fi/download/31724_Ihmiskaupparaportti_englanti.pdf Shelf Number: 127049 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Finland) Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Minarik, Peter Title: Human Trafficking in Texas: More Resources and Resolve Needed to Stem Surge of Modern Day Slavery Summary: The Texas Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights sumits this report, Human Trafficking in Texas - More Resources and Resolve Needed to Stem Surge in Modern Day Slavery, as part of its responsibility to examine and report on civil rights issues under the jurisdiction of the Commission. This report is the unanimous statement by all members of the Texas Committee and is approved. Human trafficking is the cruel and vicious practice of transporting human beings for the purpose of labor or sex exploitation. At its core is a violation of the fundamental civil rights of its victims. Women are the overwhelming victims of human trafficking, and victims generally come from impoverished circumstances with the majority being from indigenous populations or ethnic minorities. The trafficking of humans is a growing problem in this country, and Texas - as one of the largest border states in the United States - is considered a major destination and transit state for human trafficking. Human trafficking is a high-profit and relatively low-risk business with ample supply and growing demand. Every year, it is estimated that one million to two million persons world-wide are victims of human trafficking. In 2010, for the first time, the United States was ranked in the State Department's annual Trafficking in Persons Report that documents human trafficking and modern slavery. The report found that in America, men, women, and children were subject to trafficking for "forced labor, debt bondage, and force prostitution." Tragically, despite the shocking statistics and the inherent brutality of human trafficking, it is a crime that still has not captured the attention of the public nor made it to the top of political agendas. Few cases ever make it to the courts, and in a cruel irony it is often the victim rather than the perpetrator who is prosecuted for an illegal activity. There continues to be limited resources for law enforcement, and few resources devoted to rehabilitating its victims. Apart from the obvious civil rights violations of the victims, it needs to be emphasized that human trafficking - like all civil rights violations - also has a pernicious effect on the economy; stresses the local tax base; and puts added pressure on border enforcement and national security. In issuing this report the Texas Advisory Committee seeks to bring attention to the pernicious problem of human trafficking; the limited resources devoted to combating this problem; and the likely long-term high social costs for the general society if this civil rights issue is not addressed. Details: TX: Texas Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2012 at http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/TX_HT_Report--ver%2050--FINAL.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/TX_HT_Report--ver%2050--FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 127108 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Texas) Sex Exploitation

Author: American University, Washington College of Law, Immigrant Justice Clinic Title: Taken for a Ride: Migrant Workers in the U.S. Fair and Carnival Industry Summary: Samuel Rosales Rios came to the United States from Mexico as a temporary worker under the H-2B guestworker program1 only to be treated by his employer not as a guest, but as a near-slave. Samuel was permitted to enter the U.S. and work legally on a temporary seasonal basis for the employer who had sponsored his work visa, the operator of a Greek food stand at a state fair. Samuel and his coworkers were forced to work between 16 and 17 hours per day for many days in a row in temperatures that sometimes reached over 90 degrees Fahrenheit (over 30 degrees Celsius). The workers lived in poor housing and sometimes earned as little as $1 USD (approximately 13 MXN) per hour, despite being promised an hourly rate of $10 to $12 USD (approximately 129 to 154 MXN) and decent living conditions. Samuel received so little pay that he could not afford to buy additional food to supplement the single meal his employer provided, leading him to suffer dehydration and hunger during his long shifts. After several days of sleeping in an overcrowded, bedbug and flea-infested trailer, and without an adequate place to bathe, Samuel eventually sought treatment in an emergency room for dehydration and infections from bug bites. Samuel and his coworkers’ experiences are illustrative of the appalling work conditions H-2B workers in the fair and carnival industry often face. These workers are vulnerable to unfair employment and labor practices in part because their visas only authorize them to work for the employer who sponsored them, and also because they often arrive in the U.S. with a debilitating pre-employment debt. Recent attempts to enhance H-2B worker protections, while a step in the right direction, are currently stalled due to employer-driven litigation. As a result of inadequate government oversight and enforcement of existing laws, coupled with workers’ limited access to exercise their rights by filing complaints regarding employment and health and safety violations, employers continue to bring workers to the U.S. and place them in deplorable work and living conditions with almost absolute impunity. While Samuel’s employer faced legal consequences, many more violations of fair and carnival workers’ basic rights are never reported or enforced. Too many workers like Samuel are taken for a ride. Based on interviews with H-2B workers in Maryland, Virginia, and Mexico, this report sheds light on the abuses that fair and carnival workers face. Such abuses include deceptive recruitment practices and high pre-employment fees and costs; wage theft; lack of access to legal and medical assistance; substandard housing; and unsafe work conditions. The fair and carnival industry epitomizes what is currently most problematic with the H-2B temporary worker program, as employers are often able to mistreat their workers and claim exemption from basic worker protection laws with very little scrutiny. This report provides recommendations that would rectify H-2B worker mistreatment through means such as comprehensive immigration reform, agency rulemaking, and enforcement of existing laws. Fixing the H-2B program would not only help foreign temporary workers: all workers in the U.S. benefit when the rights of a specific group of workers are enhanced and enforced. Details: Washington, DC: American University, Washington College of Law, Immigrant Justice Clinic, 2013. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2013 at: http://www.cdmigrante.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/110145_Taken_for_a_Ride_Report_Final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.cdmigrante.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/110145_Taken_for_a_Ride_Report_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 127920 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Immigration Migrant Abuses Migrant Workers, Labor Conditions (U.S.)

Author: University of Washington. Jackson School of International Studies. Human Trafficking Taskforce Title: Human Trafficking: A Spotlight on Washington State Summary: The U.S. State Department’s (2005) estimates that between 14,500 and 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States each year. However, since the passing of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000, only about 600 people nationwide, including 14 people in Washington State, have been certified as victims of human trafficking. This report seeks to address the reasons for this discrepancy and propose ways in which more victims can be found. In doing so, we examine the discourses that revolve around trafficking, the stakeholders who have the power and will to create change, the Federal and Washington State law and legislation and the potential for Washington State in public mobilization and political willpower as demonstrated through its groundbreaking anti-trafficking legislation. From there, we look at the ways in which trafficking operates through networks and industries. In doing so, we examine particular industries that contain characteristics that make them vulnerable to trafficking, including: the commercial sex industry, sweatshops, domestic work, agriculture, small businesses such as restaurants and hotels, international marriage brokers, and the international adoption industry. In addition, this report surveys the local community in order to assess the general public’s knowledge about trafficking. From this survey we draw a set of recommendations about what the content and audience should be for future campaigns. The result of our research has lead us to find five major factors that contribute to the discrepancy between the estimated number of trafficked persons and the number of trafficked persons who are either found or come forward. • The nature of trafficking as an underground institution makes it very difficult for victims to be found or come forward. • The complex elements of fear and cultural barriers that trafficked persons face also inhibit them from being found or coming forward. • The general public lacks awareness, misunderstands, or misrepresents the issue of human trafficking. • The limited way in which trafficking is framed within the law affects the number of victims found and the way victims are assisted. • There exist some weaknesses in government and service providing institutions that find and assist trafficked persons which include, but are not limited to, a lack of law enforcement training, cultural competency training, and sufficient funding for such programs. To address these challenges our task force recommends: 1. The creation of an anti-trafficking campaign that is aimed towards the general public, greater support of grassroots movement and cultural community involvement in the development of antitrafficking campaigns and in the Washington State Trafficking Task Force, and mandatory training about trafficking for civil servants and healthcare workers. 2. Addressing the demand side of trafficking. 3. Amending the S Visa, by not requiring individuals to waive their ability to contest deportation, and by providing an incentive to informants. 4. Greater collaboration between NGOs that aid trafficking victims and law firms in order to encourage more pro-bono civil suits to be filed against traffickers. 5. And, we propose the creation of a non-governmental organization in Washington State to cohesively and comprehensively address all the proposals and issues mentioned above through trainings, public awareness, direct service provision, and research and evaluation. Details: Seattle, WA: Jackson School of International Studies, 2006. 375p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2013 at: http://csde.washington.edu/~scurran/files/HumanTraffickingSpotlightonWashingtonState.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://csde.washington.edu/~scurran/files/HumanTraffickingSpotlightonWashingtonState.pdf Shelf Number: 127960 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Washington State, U.S.) Illegal Adoptions Marriage Brokers Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Verité Title: Research on Indicators of Forced Labor in the Supply Chain of Fish in Indonesia: Platform (Jermal) Fishing, Small-Boat Anchovy Fishing, and Blast Fishing Summary: Verité carried out research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the production of ten goods in seven countries from 2008 through 2011. Research was carried out on the production of shrimp in Bangladesh; Brazil-nuts, cattle, corn, and peanuts in Bolivia; sugar in the Dominican Republic; coffee in Guatemala; fish in Indonesia; rubber in Liberia; and tuna in the Philippines. The following report is based on research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in certain types of fishing in Indonesia. This research was not intended to determine the existence or scale of forced labor in the countries and sectors under study, but rather to identify the presence of indicators of forced labor and factors that increased workers‘ vulnerability to labor exploitation. Objectives The primary objectives of the project were to:  obtain background information on certain areas of the fishing sector in Indonesia;  create a methodology to study the presence of indicators of forced labor in some areas of the Indonesian fishing sector;  identify and document indicators of forced labor among workers in the Indonesian fishing sector;  document the broader working conditions that workers in the fishing sector experience; and  determine the risk factors for vulnerability to forced labor and other forms of exploitation in the particular areas of the Indonesian fishing sector. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2012(?). 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2013 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Research%20on%20Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20the%20Indonesian%20Fishing%20Sector__9.16.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Research%20on%20Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20the%20Indonesian%20Fishing%20Sector__9.16.pdf Shelf Number: 128086 Keywords: Fishing Industry (Indonesia) Forced Labor Illegal Fishing Natural Resource Wildlife Conservation Wildlife Crimes

Author: Verité Title: Research on Indicators of Forced Labor in the Supply Chain of Shrimp in Bangladesh Summary: Verité carried out research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the production of goods in seven countries from 2008 through 2011. Research was carried out on the production of shrimp in Bangladesh; Brazil-nuts, cattle, corn, and peanuts in Bolivia; sugar in the Dominican Republic; coffee in Guatemala; fish in Indonesia; rubber in Liberia; and tuna in the Philippines. The following report is based on research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the Bangladesh shrimp sector. This research was not intended to determine the existence or scale of forced labor in the countries and sectors under study, but rather to identify the presence of indicators of forced labor and factors that increased workers' vulnerability to labor exploitation. Context/Objectives -- Bangladesh is a country facing high levels of poverty, with approximately 50 percent of the population living below the international poverty line. The shrimp sector has been promoted as a needed source of development, and indeed, has provided income to many workers. At the same time previous research has tied the shrimp sector to labor, environmental, and human rights abuses. However, little of the previous research specifically explored indicators of forced labor. The primary objectives of the project were to:  obtain background information on the shrimp sector in Bangladesh;  create a methodology to study the presence of indicators of forced labor in the Bangladesh shrimp sector;  identify and document indicators of forced labor among workers in the shrimp sector in Bangladesh;  document the broader working conditions that workers in the shrimp sector experience; and  determine the risk factors for indicators of forced labor and other forms of exploitation in the Bangladesh shrimp sector. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2012(?). 134p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2013 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Research%20on%20Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20the%20Bangladesh%20Shrimp%20Sector__9.16.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Bangladesh URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Research%20on%20Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20the%20Bangladesh%20Shrimp%20Sector__9.16.pdf Shelf Number: 128087 Keywords: Forced Labor Illegal Fishing Natural Resources Shrimp Industry (Bangladesh) Wildlife Crimes Wildlife Management

Author: European Commission. Eurostat Title: Trafficking in Human Beings. 2013 edition Summary: This publication presents the first report at the EU level on statistics on trafficking in human beings. It includes data for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. The EU and its Member States have selected trafficking in human beings as one of the priority areas in the fight against organised crime. This resulted in the adoption by the Council and the European Parliament of Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims and the adoption by the Commission on 19 June 2012 of the EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 2012–2016, endorsed via Council Conclusions by the Justice and Home Affairs Council on 25 October 2012. In order to further develop a coherent and strategic approach in the EU cooperation with third countries and regions, the Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted the so called Acton Oriented Paper on strengthening the external dimensions in actions against trafficking in human beings in 2009. The Second Implementation Report on the Action Oriented Paper of December 2012 includes a list of priority countries and regions with which the EU will establish closer cooperation. The preliminary data collected for the report below has been used together with other sources to define the prioritisation of these countries. The need to develop comparable and reliable statistics on crime and criminal justice has long been recognised by the European Commission and the EU. This has been further emphasised in the Commission Communication on Measuring Crime in the EU, adopted in January 2012, in which trafficking in human beings was highlighted as one of the priority areas for collecting statistics. In addressing trafficking in human beings, the European Commission and the EU take a human rights based approach that is victim-centred, gender-specific and focuses on the best interest of the child. This approach stresses the importance of multi-disciplinary actions where all relevant actors are involved in working together towards the eradication of trafficking in human beings. These key elements in trafficking in human beings policy and legislation mentioned above are systematically reflected in this publication on statistics. Thus, this report includes statistics on the total number of victims disaggregated by gender, age and form of exploitation, and also contains statistics on victims' citizenship and type of assistance and protection received. The data have been collected from different authorities working in the field of trafficking in human beings, including civil society organisations. Moreover, the report also includes statistics on suspected, prosecuted and convicted traffickers disaggregated by gender, citizenship and form of exploitation. Although the report focuses on statistical data from the registration systems in the respective organisations, Member States were encouraged to also send in metadata from other sources such as projects, studies and reports. This first report includes statistical data from all 27 EU Member States, Croatia and the following EU Candidate and EFTA/EEA countries: Iceland, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. The total number and percentages in the report are based on data from the EU Member States. Data from the non-EU countries have been highlighted separately in some sections. It is hereby acknowledged that the current state of the results does not entirely comply with the stringent requirements of the European Statistics Code of Practice and further development is planned to improve data quality in future collections. Nevertheless the political demand for this information is such that it seems opportune to make it available at this stage in the form of a Eurostat Working Paper. This means that figures should be interpreted with caution, taking into consideration the methodological notes and caveats provided in this report. For example, Member States were not able to provide comparable data on the number of victims by country of recruitment, the number of suspected traffickers involved in organised crime, the number of final decisions by public prosecution services or the number of convicted traffickers by form of exploitation. By drawing conclusions on the findings is this report several issues need to be taken into consideration. The increase in the number of identified and presumed victims shown in the report could indicate that the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings in EU Member States is on the rise. However, better identification procedures, the involvement of more actors in the identification process, changes in legislation in individual Member States and higher priority in addressing trafficking in human beings can also have an influence on the number of victims. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 25, 2013 at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-is-new/news/news/2013/docs/20130415_thb_stats_report_en.pdf Shelf Number: 128438 Keywords: Forced Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Surtees, Rebecca Title: Trafficked at Sea. The exploitation of Ukrainian seafarers and fishers Summary: The blight of slavery continues to afflict our world today, on a far greater scale and in far more insidious forms than many of us realise. This paper addresses a manifestation of human trafficking that has yet to receive the attention it deserves from policymakers, practitioners or prosecutors around the world: seafarers and fishermen trapped for their labour at sea. The men interviewed for this report, young and old, experienced and novice, were led through a calculated maze into a world of imprisonment at sea, backbreaking labour, sleep deprivation, crippling and untreated illness, and, for the least fortunate, death. These men, seeking honest work at sea, ended up on slave ships without means of escape or reasonable prospects for rescue. Their unsettling stories are echoed by the experience of men in a number of countries around the world. Countries must find new ways to end the impunity of these floating safe havens for traffickers. This report also shines a bright light on the role played by unscrupulous labour recruiters, who repeatedly spin their deceptions to lure these men into the trap that waits for them at sea. In such cases, the recruiters are an integral part of a trafficking scheme under international instruments such as the UN Protocol to Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons and the governments of the countries in which they operate – in most cases in the home countries where the men are citizens and live – need to investigate and prosecute these recruiters, and the agencies they work for, as traffickers. Trafficking for forced labour has historically received less recognition than the more sensational sex trafficking cases. But as the groundbreaking research that forms the basis for this paper reveals, labour trafficking at sea is every bit as inhumane, and in dire need of a solution, as any form of slavery practiced today. This paper attempts to lay the groundwork for that solution by providing insight into the nature of this form of trafficking, analysis of its causes and patterns and recommendations for how to move forward. This report represents some of the very first in-depth research on the issue of seafarers and fishers as victims of trafficking. The importance of increasing popular awareness of this phenomenon and of encouraging governments, organisations, and individuals to take action on it, cannot be overemphasised. It was in that light that the NEXUS Institute, with support from IOM, was inspired to dig deeper into this understudied yet critical issue. The challenges confronting the international community in addressing trafficking at sea are not few and they do not lend themselves to easy solutions. The very nature of trafficking at sea—the mobility of the vessels used, its camouflage within the traditional seafaring industry and the illegal fishing market that funds it, among other characteristics —make it one of the most challenging forms of human trafficking to seek out and eradicate. But that eradication remains, as ever, our goal. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Organization for Migration; Washington, DC: NEXUS Institute, 2012. 140p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2013 at: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/Trafficked%20at%20sea%20web.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/Trafficked%20at%20sea%20web.pdf Shelf Number: 128602 Keywords: Fishermen Forced Labor Human Trafficking Maritime Crimes Shipping Industry

Author: Perez Solla, Maria Fernando Title: Slavery and Human Trafficking International Law and the Role of the World Bank Summary: This paper reviews the international legal framework applicable to the World Bank and Member States on contemporary forms of slavery, in particular, trafficking. The Palermo Trafficking Protocol is specially analyzed. Moreover, the paper refers to the preventive framework constituted by human rights obligations, particularly those of international labor law. The World Bank’s mandate appears to permit preventive action. The Articles expressly refer to the goal of improving conditions of labor. On one hand, the Bank’s practice includes today work in areas linked to human rights, which reveals tacit agreement by Member States. In addition, human rights obligations have been widely accepted by the international community, though implementation is poor. Moreover, poverty causes vulnerability to slavery-like practices, and they perpetuate poverty. A modest set of recommendations and areas in which further research is needed are included. The paper encourages mainstreaming the issues analyzed strategically in the Bank’s core operations (concerning processes and results), with country-led and country specific efforts, identifying the issues important for poverty reduction and growth. Details: Washington, DC: Social Protection & Labor, The World Bank, 2009. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: SP Discussion Paper no. 0904: Accessed May 8, 2013 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Labor-Market-DP/0904.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Labor-Market-DP/0904.pdf Shelf Number: 128677 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Migration Slavery

Author: Martens, Jonathan Title: Counter Trafficking and Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants. Annual Report of Activities 2011 Summary: IOM continues to fight against the exploitation of migrants in all its forms, especially the severe human rights violations suffered by trafficked persons. Through the implementation of its Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants (AVM) programmes and projects, IOM has assisted more than 26,000 trafficked persons and exploited migrants since 1997. In 2011, IOM implemented 220 AVM projects in 94 countries throughout the world. These projects included a broad range of activities, such as institutional capacity building, dialogue and cooperation, data collection and research, evaluations, and direct assistance to trafficked persons and exploited migrants. In this first annual report of AVM activities, prepared by the Migrant Assistance Division (MAD), we will focus on IOM’s direct assistance to trafficked persons and vulnerable migrants, in particular the provision of voluntary, safe, and sustainable return and reintegration assistance. The report brings together internal data from more than 150 IOM Missions around the world in an effort to reflect our protection and assistance activities and to identify promising practices. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Organization for Migration, 2012. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2013 at: http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 128715 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (International) Immigrants Immigration Sexual Exploitation

Author: Larsen, Jacqueline Title: Experiences of Trafficked Persons: An Indonesian sample Summary: The true extent of people trafficking is difficult to gauge, in part because of low levels of reporting and identification of trafficked persons, the clandestine nature of the crime, and a lack of reliable data and systematic data collections, The data collected by the International Organization for Migration in its Counter Trafficking Module Database is unique in the breadth and depth of information collected regarding the experiences of trafficked persons. The IOM Indonesia CTM database holds information relating to 3,701 trafficked Indonesians between January 2005 and January 2010. In this paper, the experiences of this group of trafficked persons is compared and contrasted against the existing literature in order to strengthen knowledge about the nature of people trafficking in the southeast Asian region. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2013. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 449: Accessed May 28, 2013 at: http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi449.html Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/441-460/tandi449.html Shelf Number: 128837 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Australia) Sexual Exploitation Victims of Crimes

Author: Lewis, Hannah Title: Precarious Lives: Asylum seekers and refugees' experiences of forced labour Summary: The overall aim of this research is to gain an in-depth understanding of the experiences of forced labour among asylum seekers and refugees (AS/R) based in England. This new evidence base will contribute to ongoing academic and policy debates on the causes of, and solutions to, forced labour in the UK among AS/R. The research focuses on a group of migrants whose susceptibility to forced labour in the UK remains under researched ie AS/R. Whilst it has been widely recognised that the lives of many AS/R are characterised by high unemployment, poverty, social exclusion and destitution there is no robust research documenting their experiences of forced labour and the reasons why they may be engaged in it, despite much anecdotal evidence that AS/R are touched by forced labour. The concept of precarity (ie lived experiences that are characterised by uncertainty and instability) will be used to help understand the key factors and processes that render AS/R vulnerable to forced labour. A range of qualitative methods will be used from socio-legal mapping, interviews with key informants working with agencies and in-depth semi-structured interviews with AS/R themselves. Findings will be disseminated to policy makers, users and academic and migrant audiences. Details: Leeds, UK: University of Leeds, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 22, 2013 at: http://precariouslives.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/precarious_lives_main_report_2-7-13.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://precariouslives.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/precarious_lives_main_report_2-7-13.pdf Shelf Number: 129483 Keywords: Asylum Seekers (U.K.) Forced Labor Refugees

Author: Great Britain. Department of Justice Title: Second Report of the Inter-Department Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking Summary: This is the second report of the Inter- Departmental Ministerial Group on human trafficking. The report provides an assessment of human trafficking in the UK building on the first report of the Group which was published in October 2012. Human trafficking remains a threat to the UK. It is an evil crime which is difficult to detect because of its hidden nature. It is a crime affecting communities throughout the world. In many instances it is committed by organised criminals preying on individuals and exploiting their vulnerabilities, for their own personal gain. As a global phenomenon human trafficking requires a strong, coordinated and consistent response from the international community. The UK is committed to tackling this evil by working with partners and agencies at a local, regional, national and international level. This will be done by identifying the threat, seeking out criminal networks to deter and disrupt their activities, and to bringing the perpetrators to justice. Assessment of human trafficking in the UK - the scale of the problem Identifying the victims of human trafficking is a vital part of developing the UK's response, along with ensuring appropriate law enforcement action against perpetrators wherever possible. In 2012, 1,186 potential victims of human trafficking were referred to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), which is a 25% increase on the number of referrals in 2011. Of these, 786 were females and 400 were males; 815 were adults and 371 were children. The source countries for the greatest number of potential victims referred into the NRM were Nigeria, Vietnam, Albania, Romania and China. Amongst adult referrals, sexual exploitation remained the most common form of abuse identified through the NRM, although reporting of labour trafficking and other forms of criminal exploitation continued to rise. For child victims, both sexual exploitation and forced labour featured prominently. The UK Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC) Strategic Assessment for 2012 estimated that there are up to 2,255 possible victims of human trafficking in the UK. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2013. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Cm 8731: Accessed October 28, 2013 at: Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/251487/9794-TSO-HMG_Human_Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 131489 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.K.) Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Centre for Migration Policy Development Title: Trafficking in Human Beings in Lebanon: A Stock-Taking Report Summary: This assessment looks at the situation of trafficking in human beings in Lebanon through an analysis of existing legal and institutional responses. An attempt has been made to identify the current state of play of the main forms of trafficking present in Lebanon, as well as the challenges related to the identification and referral of trafficked persons. Based on these analyses the document outlines the ambiguity and complexity which surrounds the issue of trafficking in human beings as a crime: a crime that is often hidden and intertwined with other migration related matters. With regard to the Lebanese context, policies and actions against human trafficking cannot be dealt with separately from policies and actions related to the status of migrant domestic workers and migrants working under the 'artist's visa'. As this report argues a comprehensive anti-trafficking response needs to be part and parcel of a wide-ranging response mechanism which will ensure coordination between the actions taken by the authorities involved in anti-trafficking activities and those responsible for tackling broader migration issues. The assessment is part of the project 'Training to Enhance Lebanese Anti-trafficking Effort (TELAE): Identification, Referral and Policy Responses', implemented by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) and financially supported by the United States Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. The document was regularly updated during the entirety of the project and its findings served as a basis for the development of capacity building activities and two strategic documents: the Draft Standard Operating Procedures for Identification and Referral of Trafficked Persons in Lebanon and the Draft National Anti-trafficking Action Plan. The assessment shows that human trafficking has been recognised as a pressing problem by the national authorities in Lebanon and important steps have been taken to strengthen antitrafficking efforts. The introduction of the Anti-Trafficking Law Number 164 created a legal basis for the anti-trafficking response in Lebanon. Even though Lebanon still lacks specialised antitrafficking institutional structures, it has to be noted that the relevant institutions have proven their commitment and determination to improve the situation and actively participate in the reform process and in specialised capacity building activities. Despite the progress achieved so far, this report also identifies shortcomings in the anti-trafficking response in Lebanon. It spells out the actions that need to be undertaken in the near future - especially in relation to the implementation of the existing anti-trafficking law. Additionally it highlights developments needed in order to prevent trafficking in human beings and to ensure a human rights and a victim-centred approach in other related legal instruments (such as the Labour Code, provisions regulating the work of foreigners and administrative directives). Furthermore, the establishment of coordination structures, the formal endorsement of standard operating procedures and the adoption of a national strategy on anti-trafficking and a national action plan have been identified as key to ensuring a comprehensive national anti-trafficking response. Details: Vienna, Austria: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2013. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2013 at: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/Stock_taking_report_on_THB_in_Lebanon.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Lebanon URL: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/Stock_taking_report_on_THB_in_Lebanon.pdf Shelf Number: 131578 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Lebanon) Sexual Exploitation

Author: National Human Trafficing Resource Center, Polaris Project Title: Human Trafficking Trends in the United States: 2007-2012 Summary: From December 7, 2007, through December 31, 2012, the NHTRC answered 65,557 calls, 1,735 online tip forms, and 5,251 emails - totaling more than 72,000 interactions. This report is based on the information learned from these interactions during the first five years of the hotline's operation by Polaris Project. Key facts: The NHTRC experienced a 259% increase in calls between 2008 and 2012. In five years, we received reports of 9,298 unique cases of human trafficking. The three most common forms of sex trafficking reported to the hotline involved pimp-controlled prostitution, commercial-front brothels, and escort services. Labor trafficking was most frequently reported in domestic work, restaurants, peddling rings, and sales crews. 41% of sex trafficking cases and 20% of labor trafficking cases referenced U.S. citizens as victims. Women were referenced as victims in 85% of sex trafficking cases, and men in 40% of labor trafficking cases. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris Project, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed November 23, 2013 at: http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.polarisproject.org/resources/hotline-statistics/human-trafficking-trends-in-the-united-states Shelf Number: 131664 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Barrick, Kelle Title: Indicators of Labor Trafficking Among North Carolina Migrant Farmworkers Summary: Human trafficking is a hidden problem of unknown numbers and unsubstantiated estimates. Among known trafficking cases, nearly 80% have been sex trafficking. However, it is suspected that labor trafficking is underidentified (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009). The purpose of the current study is to investigate potential correlates of labor trafficking in an effort to identify indicators of labor trafficking that could be used by state and local law enforcement as signals that labor trafficking may be taking place in their communities. The study sought to achieve two goals: (1) document the characteristics and indicators of labor trafficking, including component crimes, collateral crimes, and other community impacts; and (2) provide law enforcement with actionable knowledge to help identify labor trafficking. RESEARCH DESIGN We used the rapid appraisal method (RAM), an applied ethnographic method characterized by collecting data from multiple sources to triangulate findings (Bergeron, 1999; Crawford, 1997). The data collection strategies included stakeholder interviews, a farmworker survey, and secondary community data (demographics, labor, and crime). FINDINGS The major findings of the study include the following. - Whereas law enforcement respondents were insistent that farmworkers were treated well, outreach workers, who have more contact with farmworkers, reported that they were frequently abused and exploited. - About one-quarter of farmworker respondents reported ever experiencing a situation that may constitute trafficking, and 39% reported other abuse. - The most common type of exploitation was abusive labor practices (34%), followed by deception and lies (21%), restriction and deprivation (15%), and threats to physical integrity (12%). - Workers with greater English proficiency were more likely to experience any violation and trafficking, but English proficiency was not associated with non-trafficking abuse. - A worker�s lack of legal status was the strongest and most consistent predictor of experiencing trafficking and other violations. - Workers in counties with moderate and large Hispanic populations were less likely to report all types of victimization than were those from counties with relatively small Hispanic populations. - Trafficking and non-trafficking abuse were less common in counties with a high proportion of the labor force employed in agriculture than in counties with low levels of agriculture. Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International, 2013. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 31, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/244204.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/244204.pdf Shelf Number: 131827 Keywords: Farmworkers Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Laboratory to Combat Human Trafficking Title: Colorado Project National Survey Report Summary: The Colorado Project to Comprehensively Combat Human Trafficking (Colorado Project) is a collaborative initiative of the Laboratory to Combat Human Trafficking (LCHT) that aims to lay groundwork for a multi-stage analysis of the question of what it would take to end human trafficking in Colorado. The primary goal of the early stages of this endeavor is to develop sustainable efforts to end human trafficking with the essential input of those working on the ground. Drawing from a comprehensive literature review and informed by national data, the Colorado Project developed a state-level tool by which communities can assess their strengths and gaps in combating human trafficking. The present Colorado Project National Survey Report aims to highlight preliminary steps that led to the focus on Colorado, as reviewed in the Colorado Project Statewide Data Report. From the earliest phases of this multi-year project, we maintained with the vision of encouraging comprehensive and multidisciplinary thinking about community-level anti-trafficking efforts. In order to answer the question of "what it would take to end human trafficking in Colorado", the Project Team recognized that this inquiry required a collective effort to identify what is being done before formally evaluating effectiveness. Drawing from the Social Ecology Framework that guided the project, the focus of the present research was on systems-level efforts and initiatives that directly and indirectly support survivors of human trafficking. Several quantitative and qualitative methods were employed to develop the state-level template of promising practices, to survey those who work in the anti-trafficking field and to seek support from national stakeholders for the project. The goal of the state-level promising practices was to guide communities to assess strengths (prevalence) and gaps in order to develop community-led action plans to more efficiently and effectively combat human trafficking. The present National Survey Report highlights the process of identifying promising practices within the anti-trafficking field, as organized by 4Ps: prevention, protection, prosecution and partnership. The Colorado Project Statewide Data Report, in turn, provides innovative methodologies that incorporated the survey tool, focus groups and interviews that resulted in a Colorado Action Plan to create a comprehensive and efficient state-level response to human trafficking in Colorado. Details: Denver, CO: Laboratory to Combat Human Trafficking, 2013. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 3, 2014 at: http://coloradoproject.combathumantrafficking.org/resultsandfindings/nationalreport Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://coloradoproject.combathumantrafficking.org/resultsandfindings/nationalreport Shelf Number: 131841 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Verite Title: Risk Analysis of Indicators of Forced Labor and Human Trafficking in Illegal Gold Mining in Peru Summary: Peru is one of the largest gold producers in the world- the fifth largest, if illegally produced gold is taken into account. Hundreds of thousands of people are employed in Peru in artisanal gold mining and peripheral services. With the support of Humanity United, Verite mapped production areas and the supply chain of Peruvian gold, consulted with experts from NGOs, government, and academia, and conducted interviews with almost 100 mine workers, and workers providing peripheral services (including mechanics, cooks, sex workers, transporters, and others). In the the course of these interviews, workers told us horrendous stories of labor and sexual exploitation in Peru. There are a number of factors that make the gold sector in Peru vulnerable to forced labor: primarily, the prevalence of illegal gold mining. Its illegality results in a black hole, in which miners operate in areas that are not fully under the control of the government. Verite's report on risks of forced labor in artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) in Peru raises challenging questions for companies in industries including jewelry, mining, electronics and banking. The report reveals that ASM gold tainted by human rights abuses makes its way - through corruption, laundering and illegal export- into the hands of global traders, refineries, banks and into our watches and smart phones. Our research on these largely hidden problems is intended to encourage action on the part of stakeholders, including companies, NGOs, governments, and industry associations to raise awareness of the vulnerability to forced labor, as well as actions companies can take to improve their ethical performance. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2013. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2014 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20Gold%20Mining%20in%20Peru_0.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Peru URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20Gold%20Mining%20in%20Peru_0.pdf Shelf Number: 131853 Keywords: Forced Labor Gold Human Trafficking Precious Metals Sexual Exploitation

Author: National Crime Prevention Centre (Canada) Title: Local Safety Audit Guide: To Prevent Trafficking in Persons and Related Exploitation Summary: This guide is designed to contribute to the development of strategic action plans to prevent human trafficking and other related forms of violence and exploitation in Canada's urban centres, and to address the factors which make particular groups far more vulnerable to sexual exploitation and/or forced labour than others. It uses a sound evidence-based approach, and explicitly considers gender and other intersecting factors which influence an individual's vulnerability. It will enable stakeholders from the public sector and civil society to assess the nature and extent of these problems in their particular urban area, and to develop an action plan tailored to those problems and their local context. The need for unified action - in Canada and internationally - to prevent human trafficking, a modern form of slavery, which violates fundamental human rights, is clear. The Government of Canada's National Action Plan (2012) seeks to accelerate action against trafficking in relation to prevention, prosecution, and protection of victims, and to foster partnerships which are vital to achieving progress in each of these areas. Human trafficking is a complex crime which is facilitated by many factors, including the vulnerability of particular populations to exploitation, complicity or ignorance on the part of civil society, and the demand for particular goods and services. Human trafficking involves the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/or exercising control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in order to exploit that person, typically through sexual exploitation or forced labour. Trafficking may occur entirely in one country or involve individuals being trafficked from other countries. It may involve illegal migrants who find themselves exploited once they arrive in Canada. It may involve people legitimately entering the country under foreign worker programs, but whose treatment and conditions of work amount to exploitation. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2013-1: Accessed March 13, 2014 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/lcl-sfty-dtgd/lcl-sfty-dtgd-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/lcl-sfty-dtgd/lcl-sfty-dtgd-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 131906 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Verite Title: Labor Brokerage and Trafficking of Nepali Migrant Workers Summary: This report describes research conducted on the relationship between labor brokerage and the risk of forced labor among Nepali migrant workers employed abroad. The research examines forced-labor triggers in Nepal and India and receiving-country mechanisms that encourage forced labor in Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.), and Israel. The role of Guatemala and Mexico as transit countries for Nepali workers traveling illegally to the U.S. is also explored. Study Objectives Verite conducted research to determine the different types of labor-brokerage networks that exploit both documented and undocumented Nepali migrant workers; to find the points in the employment life cycle at which exploitation occurs; to identify the factors that increase migrant workers' vulnerability to exploitation; and to identify viable policy options to reduce Nepali migrant workers' vulnerability to exploitation. Verite conducted research in Nepal and in receiving countries, including Malaysia and the U.A.E., with case studies on Nepali workers in Israel and Guatemala. Verite researchers reviewed relevant literature, followed by contextual analysis of relevant audit findings, social-institutional mapping, and extensive interviews (one-on-one and group) with workers, NGOs, government officials, labor advocates, and unions in Malaysia, the U.A.E., Guatemala, and Israel. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2013. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2014: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Humanity%20United-Nepal%20Trafficking%20Report-Final_1.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Humanity%20United-Nepal%20Trafficking%20Report-Final_1.pdf Shelf Number: 131958 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Illegal Migrants Migrant Workers

Author: Andrevski, Hannah Title: Experiences of exploitation and human trafficking among a sample of Indonesian migrant domestic workers Summary: Indonesia has one of the highest rates of workers seeking employment abroad, with the majority of these workers being females employed in domestic service. Due to the nature of recruitment, the process of migration and the location and characteristics of the work, Indonesian migrant domestic workers may in some instances be at risk of abuse, exploitation and human trafficking. Drawing on data contained in the International Organization for Migration's Counter Trafficking Module, the experiences of Indonesian victims of human trafficking who were exploited as domestic workers in Malaysia are examined, as well as the risk factors that may have contributed to their exploitation. Understanding the nature of human trafficking and the risk factors for exploitation is crucial for developing domestic and regional responses that can effectively contribute to anti-human trafficking strategies in the southeast Asia region. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2014. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 471: Accessed March 21, 2014 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi471.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Indonesia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi471.pdf Shelf Number: 104858 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrant Workers Migration

Author: Stritecky, Vit Title: Developments in trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labor exploitation and forced labor Summary: This monograph deals with an important legal, human rights and security related topic of human trafficking for the purpose of exploitation and forced labor. The book points to the fact that the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labor exploitation and forced labor has been on the rise, creating an environment of very complex international social networks. Even though this global problem is predominantly connected with Asia and Africa, the authors warn, that this phenomenon is very relevant for the EU as well. Due to the growing resources and expanding reach of organized crime, the trafficking poses a growing challenge for the EU. For this reason the activities on the part of national and international stakeholders, who attempt to develop more effective tools to fight this phenomenon have intensified. Authors of publication, Vit Stritecky and Daniel Topinka, emphasize the fact, that the nature and complexity of human trafficking and other illegal activities connected with it require a broader understanding of security sector. Besides traditional law-enforcement agencies, such as the police, the judicial branch, private security agencies, we should also understand the importance of non-governmental organizations providing counsel, social services and child protection. The book also abandons the traditional and predominant orientation on human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and explains that the concept of human trafficking is also connected with forced labor and other (non-sexual) forms of exploitation as well as other topics (e.g. trafficking in human organs). The book "Developments in trafficking in human beings for the purpose of labor exploitation and forced labor" presents a detailed discussion of how the concept of human trafficking has evolved (e.g. discussion about different forms and types of trafficking), legal concepts and frameworks reflecting the specific definition debates connected with human trafficking and last but not least strategic litigation, which is connected with the social and legal assistance provided by non-governmental organizations. Details: Prague: Institute of International Relations, 2013. 197p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2014 at: http://aa.ecn.cz/img_upload/6334c0c7298d6b396d213ccd19be5999/publication.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://aa.ecn.cz/img_upload/6334c0c7298d6b396d213ccd19be5999/publication.pdf Shelf Number: 132003 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Freeman, Jim Title: Discovering Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Labour Exploitation and Forced Labour: European Perspective Summary: This monograph is concerned with the important present legal topic that is the area of human trafficking for the purpose of other forms of exploitation and forced labour. According to the report of International Labour Organization (ILO, 2012) was possible to find in 2012 20.1 million people on the Earth that were the victims of forced labour. This methodologically sophisticated statistic (ILO, 2012b) of "modern day slavery" includes also the cases of human trafficking for the purposes of forced labour and sexual exploitation. Closer look at the above mentioned number indicates that globally speaking are approximately 3 people out of every thousand working under threats or pressure in the conditions similar to slavery. The latest ILO methodology does not specifically categorize the cases of human trafficking; however the next to last global report issued in 2005 mentioned 12 millions victims of forced labour in total, from which were 2.4 millions subjected to direct trafficking (ILO, 2005). Depicting the situation in Czech republic and other countries of EU in this book is illustrative of the fact, that the forced labour, often interconnected to the human trafficking, is not the prerogative of the developing world. Although the ILO statistics (ILO, 2012: 15-16) is dominated by the Asian-Pacific region (with the part of 56%), followed by Africa with 18%, we could still find approximately 1.5 million of forced labour workers in the developed countries and EU. From the statistics can be deduced that more than 90% of present day slaves are being exploited within the private sector. Out of this number, approximately one fourth of all cases is sexual exploitation and the rest are victims of forced labour in traditional sectors such as agriculture, construction, production or housework (ILO, 2012: 13-14), that are the major topic of this book. Without looking at the discussions questioning the relevance of the above mentioned numbers, it is clear that the phenomenon of the forced labor and the interconnected human trafficking requires the attention of civil service of individual states as well as of the international organisations. The analyses of human trafficking in Europe (Ruggiero, 1997; Friesendorf, 2007; Picarelli, 2009) indicate that the human trafficking is generating the profits irrespective of the employment choice of the trafficked persons. In the context of these cases, the activities of official, semi-official agencies or of unambiguously criminal groups, were proven and frequently all the parties were interconnected. Human trafficking and illegal, often forced labour, affected also the important European companies working in the field of textile industry or in the construction. These large groups were not participating directly on semi-legal and in the vast majority of cases purely illegal activities, they were doing so through various smaller sub-contracting companies, that were not included in the control mechanisms of established companies. In the end, the illegal activity connected to human trafficking and forced labour affected also the parties with higher ethic and commercial standard, which is indicative of the depth and complexity of the whole issue (Ruggiero, 1997: 241-242). In the context of the relative growth of human trafficking in the past two decades, which is connected to the growing political and economic interconnecting of the different parts of the world; there was also the rise in the activity of the national and international parties in the area of the fighting against this phenomenon. The key role in this field is played by the parties working in the law-enforcement agencies, whose goal is the prosecution of the human traffickers and the organizers of the forced labour, the protection of the victims of this kind of criminality and last but not least the prevention of this activity. The character of the human trafficking and extended criminal activities indicates the need of broad range view of law-enforcement agencies. Aside from the key law-enforcement agents considered as traditional, such as armed services, police, border service or immigration service, there are included also agents from the area of justice, the agencies responsible for the control of armed services or lately emerging private law-enforcement agencies (Friesendorf, 2009). This book is trying to show that different, but still important role is played by the governmental and above all by non-governmental institutions, that offer consulting, social services and protection to the victims. Aside form the traditionally viewed coercive parties is necessary to understand the importance of non-coercive parties. Details: Prague: La Strada Ceska Republika, 2013. 212p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2014 at: legislationline.org Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: legislationline.org Shelf Number: 132008 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Freeman, Jim Title: Discovering Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Labour Exploitation and Forced Labour: European Perspective Summary: This monograph is concerned with the important present legal topic that is the area of human trafficking for the purpose of other forms of exploitation and forced labour. According to the report of International Labour Organization (ILO, 2012) was possible to find in 2012 20.1 million people on the Earth that were the victims of forced labour. This methodologically sophisticated statistic (ILO, 2012b) of "modern day slavery" includes also the cases of human trafficking for the purposes of forced labour and sexual exploitation. Closer look at the above mentioned number indicates that globally speaking are approximately 3 people out of every thousand working under threats or pressure in the conditions similar to slavery. The latest ILO methodology does not specifically categorize the cases of human trafficking; however the next to last global report issued in 2005 mentioned 12 millions victims of forced labour in total, from which were 2.4 millions subjected to direct trafficking (ILO, 2005). Depicting the situation in Czech republic and other countries of EU in this book is illustrative of the fact, that the forced labour, often interconnected to the human trafficking, is not the prerogative of the developing world. Although the ILO statistics (ILO, 2012: 15-16) is dominated by the Asian-Pacific region (with the part of 56%), followed by Africa with 18%, we could still find approximately 1.5 million of forced labour workers in the developed countries and EU. From the statistics can be deduced that more than 90% of present day slaves are being exploited within the private sector. Out of this number, approximately one fourth of all cases is sexual exploitation and the rest are victims of forced labour in traditional sectors such as agriculture, construction, production or housework (ILO, 2012: 13-14), that are the major topic of this book. Without looking at the discussions questioning the relevance of the above mentioned numbers, it is clear that the phenomenon of the forced labor and the interconnected human trafficking requires the attention of civil service of individual states as well as of the international organisations. The analyses of human trafficking in Europe (Ruggiero, 1997; Friesendorf, 2007; Picarelli, 2009) indicate that the human trafficking is generating the profits irrespective of the employment choice of the trafficked persons. In the context of these cases, the activities of official, semi-official agencies or of unambiguously criminal groups, were proven and frequently all the parties were interconnected. Human trafficking and illegal, often forced labour, affected also the important European companies working in the field of textile industry or in the construction. These large groups were not participating directly on semi-legal and in the vast majority of cases purely illegal activities, they were doing so through various smaller sub-contracting companies, that were not included in the control mechanisms of established companies. In the end, the illegal activity connected to human trafficking and forced labour affected also the parties with higher ethic and commercial standard, which is indicative of the depth and complexity of the whole issue (Ruggiero, 1997: 241-242). In the context of the relative growth of human trafficking in the past two decades, which is connected to the growing political and economic interconnecting of the different parts of the world; there was also the rise in the activity of the national and international parties in the area of the fighting against this phenomenon. The key role in this field is played by the parties working in the law-enforcement agencies, whose goal is the prosecution of the human traffickers and the organizers of the forced labour, the protection of the victims of this kind of criminality and last but not least the prevention of this activity. The character of the human trafficking and extended criminal activities indicates the need of broad range view of law-enforcement agencies. Aside from the key law-enforcement agents considered as traditional, such as armed services, police, border service or immigration service, there are included also agents from the area of justice, the agencies responsible for the control of armed services or lately emerging private law-enforcement agencies (Friesendorf, 2009). This book is trying to show that different, but still important role is played by the governmental and above all by non-governmental institutions, that offer consulting, social services and protection to the victims. Aside form the traditionally viewed coercive parties is necessary to understand the importance of non-coercive parties. Details: Prague: La Strada Ceska Republika, 2013. 212p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2014 at: legislationline.org Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: legislationline.org Shelf Number: 132008 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Stritecky, Vit Title: Discovering Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Labour Exploitation and Forced Labour: European Perspective Summary: This monograph is concerned with the important present legal topic that is the area of human trafficking for the purpose of other forms of exploitation and forced labour. According to the report of International Labour Organization (ILO, 2012) was possible to find in 2012 20.1 million people on the Earth that were the victims of forced labour. This methodologically sophisticated statistic (ILO, 2012b) of "modern day slavery" includes also the cases of human trafficking for the purposes of forced labour and sexual exploitation. Closer look at the above mentioned number indicates that globally speaking are approximately 3 people out of every thousand working under threats or pressure in the conditions similar to slavery. The latest ILO methodology does not specifically categorize the cases of human trafficking; however the next to last global report issued in 2005 mentioned 12 millions victims of forced labour in total, from which were 2.4 millions subjected to direct trafficking (ILO, 2005). Depicting the situation in Czech republic and other countries of EU in this book is illustrative of the fact, that the forced labour, often interconnected to the human trafficking, is not the prerogative of the developing world. Although the ILO statistics (ILO, 2012: 15-16) is dominated by the Asian-Pacific region (with the part of 56%), followed by Africa with 18%, we could still find approximately 1.5 million of forced labour workers in the developed countries and EU. From the statistics can be deduced that more than 90% of present day slaves are being exploited within the private sector. Out of this number, approximately one fourth of all cases is sexual exploitation and the rest are victims of forced labour in traditional sectors such as agriculture, construction, production or housework (ILO, 2012: 13-14), that are the major topic of this book. Without looking at the discussions questioning the relevance of the above mentioned numbers, it is clear that the phenomenon of the forced labor and the interconnected human trafficking requires the attention of civil service of individual states as well as of the international organisations. The analyses of human trafficking in Europe (Ruggiero, 1997; Friesendorf, 2007; Picarelli, 2009) indicate that the human trafficking is generating the profits irrespective of the employment choice of the trafficked persons. In the context of these cases, the activities of official, semi-official agencies or of unambiguously criminal groups, were proven and frequently all the parties were interconnected. Human trafficking and illegal, often forced labour, affected also the important European companies working in the field of textile industry or in the construction. These large groups were not participating directly on semi-legal and in the vast majority of cases purely illegal activities, they were doing so through various smaller sub-contracting companies, that were not included in the control mechanisms of established companies. In the end, the illegal activity connected to human trafficking and forced labour affected also the parties with higher ethic and commercial standard, which is indicative of the depth and complexity of the whole issue (Ruggiero, 1997: 241-242). In the context of the relative growth of human trafficking in the past two decades, which is connected to the growing political and economic interconnecting of the different parts of the world; there was also the rise in the activity of the national and international parties in the area of the fighting against this phenomenon. The key role in this field is played by the parties working in the law-enforcement agencies, whose goal is the prosecution of the human traffickers and the organizers of the forced labour, the protection of the victims of this kind of criminality and last but not least the prevention of this activity. The character of the human trafficking and extended criminal activities indicates the need of broad range view of law-enforcement agencies. Aside from the key law-enforcement agents considered as traditional, such as armed services, police, border service or immigration service, there are included also agents from the area of justice, the agencies responsible for the control of armed services or lately emerging private law-enforcement agencies (Friesendorf, 2009). This book is trying to show that different, but still important role is played by the governmental and above all by non-governmental institutions, that offer consulting, social services and protection to the victims. Aside form the traditionally viewed coercive parties is necessary to understand the importance of non-coercive parties. Details: Prague: La Strada Ceska Republika, 2013. 212p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2014 at: legislationline.org Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: legislationline.org Shelf Number: 132008 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Surtees, Rebecca Title: After Trafficking: Experiences and Challenges in the (Re)integration of Trafficked Persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region Summary: (Re)integration is a process that involves many steps after the individual's exit from trafficking. Ideally trafficked persons are identified and provided with a range of services to support their social and economic (re)integration. Many trafficked persons interviewed for this study were assisted and supported in these ways. Others were not fully supported through these stages but nonetheless did receive assistance that was valuable toward their recovery and (re)integration. Interviews with trafficked persons yielded many positive examples and experiences, including the important role played by various actors and agencies and (re)integration services in recovery and (re)integration processes. Nonetheless, many trafficked persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) did not have access to these "ideal" pathways and their experiences following their emergence from trafficking further exacerbated their ordeals. Many were neither identified nor assisted as victims of trafficking, which meant they did not receive support to aid in their recovery and sustainable (re)integration. Some trafficked persons received some forms of assistance but not the full package they required (and were entitled to) to move on from their trafficking experience and (re)integrate into society. Equally important, some preferred not to be assisted and declined some or all support offered to them. Understanding these diverse and complex post-trafficking trajectories sheds light on a wide range of issues and dynamics at play in the (re)integration processes in the GMS. It also highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of existing (re)integration mechanisms and processes. The study was based on in-depth interviews with 252 trafficked persons about their experiences of (re)integration, including successes and challenges, as well as future plans and aspirations. The trafficked persons interviewed for this study came from all six countries in the GMS and included men, women and children, trafficked for various forms of forced labour, sexual exploitation, begging and/or forced marriage. The study included persons who had been identified and assisted, as well as those who were not identified and/or did not receive assistance. This research study was undertaken in the context of the a region-wide (re)integration initiative under Project Proposal Concept 5 (PPC5) within the 2nd COMMIT Sub-regional Plan of Action (2008-2010), which sought to assess the effectiveness of (re)integration processes and structures in the region. It continued under the 3rd COMMIT Sub-regional Plan of Action (2011-2013) under Area 3, Protection. While the study is intended for anti-trafficking policymakers and practitioners in the GMS, these findings also have relevance for practitioners and policy makers in other countries and regions who are seeking to enhance their anti-trafficking response, in line with the interests and experiences of trafficked persons. Details: Bangkok: UNIAP/Nexus Institute, 2013. 252p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2014 at: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/After%20trafficking_Experiences%20and%20challenges%20in%20(Re)integration%20in%20the%20GMS.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Asia URL: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/After%20trafficking_Experiences%20and%20challenges%20in%20(Re)integration%20in%20the%20GMS.pdf Shelf Number: 132084 Keywords: Begging Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Trafficking Reintegration Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Crime

Author: Benton, Meghan Title: Spheres of Exploitation: Thwarting Actors Who Profit from Illegal Labor, Domestic Servitude, and Sex Work Summary: Large-scale migration flows are too often exploited by "bad actors" for profit-ranging from criminals who exploit trafficked people to employers who do not meet legal hiring practices. Even consumers, who may not know the source of their goods and services, sometimes aid the exploitation of migrants. This report analyzes such exploitation in three spheres: the domestic care sector, the labor market, and the sex industry. Across all three, perpetrators are broadly motivated by the lure of high profits and low risks. The report, part of a Transatlantic Council on Migration series on migration "bad actors," details several obstacles governments face in their efforts to weaken such actors: victims may be unwilling to report crimes, the crimes themselves fall into a gray area in which identification and prosecution are complex, and the leaders of criminal organizations often successfully protect themselves from enforcement efforts by implicating their foot soldiers and victims in illegal activity. Policies to disrupt the business model of exploitation seek to increase risks and reduce profits for facilitators, and they may also aim to reduce the supply and demand of exploitable labor. Most policies carry risks and practical challenges. One of the main legal tools-anti-trafficking legislation-aims to increase the risks of severe exploitation, but low prosecution rates and trivial sentences reduce their utility as a deterrent. Measures that target employers also face several challenges, such as proving employer guilt and administering high-enough fines. Increasing subcontractors' regulations, if successfully implemented, can raise standards across the board, but may also inadvertently lead to more severe exploitation (and more illegal immigration) if some operators are pushed underground. The report argues that one of the biggest challenges facing law enforcement is that the focus on serious criminals and lawbreakers ignores those who operate on the edge of legality; the reality is that creative criminal organizations exploit legal routes wherever possible, sometimes flying under the radar of police. This situation often creates unexpected results. Some policies to encourage legal migration-like those that tie workers to a particular employer-can facilitate exploitative practices, while policies designed to reduce exploitation (such as licensing systems) might make some operators more likely to hire unauthorized workers. Details: Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2014. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2014 at: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/migration-exploitation-illegal-labor-domestic-servitude-sex Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/migration-exploitation-illegal-labor-domestic-servitude-sex Shelf Number: 132222 Keywords: Border Security Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Illegal Immigrants Sexual Exploitation Undocumented Immigrants

Author: Nordic Council of Ministers, Title: Trafficking in Human Beings in Working Life. Report from a Nordic conference in Helsinki, Finland 27-28 November 2012 Summary: The Nordic conference on human trafficking and working life discussed how people become victims of human trafficking as they seek jobs in foreign countries. The aim of the conference was to raise awareness of problems of human trafficking in the Nordic countries through a diversified perspective. The greatest challenge for Nordic stakeholders today is to identify the persons - women, men, girls and boys - who are victims of labour trafficking. It is important that victims receive information about their rights, and about the social services that are available to them. A key question is how to adapt social services to the needs of the victims. The aim was to disseminate knowledge about the various stakeholders, their roles, responsibilities, ability to identify and deal with problems on labour trafficking. The conference was built on the results and experiences obtained by authorities and organizations in the Nordic countries. At the conference practical examples of how the Nordic countries, police, prosecutors, courts, occupational safety authorities, labour market organizations and NGOs' work with issues concerning human trafficking and the labour market in the Nordic countries. Details: Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2013. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2014 at: http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2013-555 Year: 2013 Country: Finland URL: http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2013-555 Shelf Number: 132235 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Nordic)

Author: U.S. President's Interagency Task Force Title: Progress in Combating Trafficking in Persons: The U.S. Government Response to Modern Slavery Summary: Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, is the act of recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, obtaining, or maintaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. Sex trafficking of a minor under the age of 18 does not require the use of force, threats of force, fraud, or coercion. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 (Pub. L. 106-386), as amended, describes this compelled service using a number of different terms, including involuntary servitude, slavery, debt bondage, and forced labor. Human trafficking can include, but does not require, movement. Under the TVPA, people may be considered trafficking victims regardless of whether they were transported to the exploitative situation, previously consented to work for a trafficker, or participated in a crime as a direct result of being trafficked. At the heart of this phenomenon are the traffickers' aim to exploit and enslave their victims and the myriad of coercive and deceptive practices they use. Human trafficking is an opportunistic crime. Traffickers target all types of people: adults and children, women, men, and transgender individuals, citizens and noncitizens alike. No socioeconomic group is immune; new immigrants, Native Americans, runaways, the homeless, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth are particularly vulnerable. One of the most common assumptions about "average" trafficking victims is that they are vulnerable simply because they come from the poorest, most isolated communities, whether overseas or in the United States. Indeed, many do. Yet some victims, from a variety of backgrounds, have reported that their suffering began with their aspirations for a better life and a lack of options to fulfill them. That's where the traffickers come in. Exploiting these realities, traffickers appear to offer a solution - a good job, a brighter future, a safe home, or a sense of belonging, even love. They prey on their victims' hope and exploit their trust and confidence, coercing them into using themselves as collateral for that chance. Details: Washington, DC: President's Interagency Task Force, 2014. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2014 at: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224810.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/224810.pdf Shelf Number: 132246 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Labour Office (ILO), Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour Title: Hard to See, Harder to Count: Survey Guidelines to Estimate Forced Labour of Adults and Children Summary: ILO global estimates on child and forced labour have focused a spotlight on these persistent and severe violations of the human rights of children and adults. The magnitude of forced labour, estimated to affect at least 20.9 million people, of whom about a quarter are children, has served to demonstrate the urgency of action to address the needs of these most vulnerable workers, and prevent others from falling prey to such exploitation. But the estimates have also highlighted the critical need for sound statistics at national level. Criminal phenomena such as forced labour present obvious measurement challenges; conventional survey instruments are often ill-equipped to capture those child and adult workers concealed in hidden workshops, or toiling in fields under a burden of debt. Human trafficking can also be regarded as forced labour, and these guidelines can be used to measure the full spectrum of human trafficking abuses or what some people call "modern-day slavery". The only exceptions to this are cases of trafficking for organ removal, forced marriage or adoption, unless the latter practices result in forced labour. Action to address child labour and forced labour lies at the heart of the ILO's decent work agenda, guided by ILO standards on these subjects. The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) has, since 1992, worked to eradicate child labour in all parts of the world. In 1998, ILO member States adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, thereby committing themselves to respect, promote and realise freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, and the elimination of forced labour, child labour and discrimination at work. The International Labour Office, for its part, committed itself to assist member States in their efforts. Shortly thereafter, the Programme to Promote the Declaration was established and, in 2001, a Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL) was created as part of this programme. In recent years, IPEC and SAP-FL have invested considerable effort and resources in devising and testing survey methodologies for application at country level, to allow robust national estimation of the number of adults and children in forced labour, and deeper insights into the causes and nature of these problems. This work has represented a real and rewarding collaborative effort between the ILO and the various national institutions (national statistical offices and others) which partnered with ILO for implementing the national surveys. Details: Geneva: ILO, 2012. 122p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 6, 2014 at: http://www.aihr-resourcescenter.org/administrator/upload/documents/hard.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.aihr-resourcescenter.org/administrator/upload/documents/hard.pdf Shelf Number: 132251 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Mendes Bota, Jose Title: Prostitution, trafficking and modern slavery in Europe Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a hideous human rights violation and one of the most lucrative activities for criminal organisations worldwide. It occurs for various purposes, including forced labour, criminality and organ removal. In Europe, trafficking for sexual exploitation is by far the most widespread form: an estimated 84% of victims are trafficked for this purpose. Efforts to tackle trafficking in human beings have intensified in the last decade but remain insufficient. As transnational trafficking represents the greatest part of this phenomenon, harmonisation of legal standards and effective international co-operation in criminal matters are crucial to succeed in the fight against human trafficking. The lack of reliable and comparable data on prostitution and trafficking in Europe is a major barrier to making and implementing effective policies against trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation. Creating a Europe-wide data collection system on prostitution and trafficking is therefore crucial. As a pan-European organisation, the Council of Europe has an important role to play in promoting such a data collection system. Some Council of Europe member States have drawn up prostitution regulations and policies aimed at countering trafficking by curbing the demand for victims. This is true of Sweden, together with Iceland and Norway. The "Swedish approach", based on criminalising the purchase of sexual services, is currently under consideration by legislators in several European countries as a possible tool for tackling trafficking. While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings. Irrespective of the legal approach adopted, prostitution regulations should include harm-reduction measures aimed at countering the negative effects of prostitution on the people involved and supporting those who wish to leave the sex industry. Details: Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, 2014. Source: Internet Resource: Doc. 13446: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20559&lang=en Shelf Number: 132324 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Europe) Organ Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Work Sexual Exploitation

Author: U.S. Department of Justice Title: Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, 2013-2017 Summary: In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Obama Administration reaffirmed the American values of freedom and equality by asking federal agencies to develop a plan to strengthen services for victims of human trafficking. Coordination, Collaboration, Capacity, the Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, 2013-2017 (the Plan) embraces these principles and builds on the progress that our Nation has made in combating human trafficking and modern day forms of slavery through government action, as well as partnerships with allied professionals and concerned citizens. As our understanding of the scope and impact of human trafficking evolved over the years, we now recognize a more complex web of exploitation affecting diverse communities across the country. Today, we acknowledge that human trafficking affects U.S. citizens and foreign nationals, adults and children, and men, women, and transgender individuals who are victimized across a wide range of commercial sex and forced labor schemes. This Plan details a series of coordinated actions to strengthen the reach and effectiveness of services provided to all victims of human trafficking, regardless of the victims' race, color, national origin, disability, religion, age, gender, immigration status, sexual orientation, or the type of trafficking they endured. The purpose of this Plan is to describe the steps that federal agencies will take to ensure that all victims of human trafficking in the United States are identified and have access to the services they need to recover. This includes steps to create a victim services network that is comprehensive, trauma-informed, and responsive to the needs of all victims. While prevention and prosecution activities fall outside the scope of this document, the Administration recognizes that addressing human trafficking through prevention, exploring and implementing demand reduction strategies, and using prosecution to hold offenders accountable are critical elements in the U.S. Government's comprehensive approach to combating all forms of human trafficking. The Plan focuses on providing and coordinating support for victims and it aligns with all other efforts of the Federal Government to eliminate human trafficking and prevent further victimization, particularly as outlined in the Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons. The Plan identifies several "core values" related to trafficking victims' services and key areas for improving service delivery. Recognizing that government alone cannot stop this insidious crime, the Plan is written to appeal to a wide audience in order to bring additional resources, expertise, and partnerships to end human trafficking and better support victims. For example, public awareness must be increased to engage more stakeholders and increase victim identification. There must also be an expansion of access to victim services. Finally, the quality of the services, not merely the quantity, must be addressed to ensure that victims are supported throughout their long-term journey as survivors. The Plan lays out four goals, eight objectives, and contains more than 250 associated action items for victim service improvements that can be achieved during the next 5 years. Federal agencies will coordinate efforts and work toward each of these goals simultaneously. Actions to improve victim identification are woven through each of the goals. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime, 2014. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 19, 2014 at: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.ovc.gov/pubs/FederalHumanTraffickingStrategicPlan.pdf Shelf Number: 132396 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Human Trafficking Victims Partnerships Prostitution Sexual Exploitation Victim Services

Author: American Civil Liberties Union Title: Victims of Complacency: The Ongoing Trafficking and Abuse of Third Country Nationals Summary: This report examines the ongoing trafficking and abuse of Third Country Nationals ("TCNs"), tens of thousands of whom are hired yearly through U.S. Government ("USG") contracts to work in support of U.S. military and diplomatic missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. This large and diverse civilian workforce, or "army behind the army," hails primarily from developing countries such as Nepal, India, the Philippines, and Uganda, and performs low-wage but essential services, including construction, security, and food services. As a result of widely publicized incidents-such as the abduction and murder of twelve Nepali men whom Government contractors trafficked into Iraq in 2004 - the U.S. Government came under pressure to eliminate trafficking and labor abuses from the U.S. contracting industry. Although the Government then adopted a "zero-tolerance" policy against trafficking, reports of abuse continued to surface. In 2007, U.S. Government contractors trafficked a group of Fijian women to Iraq and subjected them to various forms of abuse and exploitation. In 2008, 1,000 South Asian workers staged protests on the outskirts of Baghdad after a Government subcontractor confined them to a windowless warehouse without money or work for as many as three months. Most recently, in December 2011, dozens of Ugandan TCNs held a series of rallies in Baghdad; their employer, a U.S.-based contractor, had left them stranded - with no pay and no return airfare - upon losing its USG contract as a result of the military drawdown. In light of these ongoing abuses, this report aims to: 1. Shed light on the system by which U.S. Government contractors continue to traffic and abuse TCNs, as well as explain in detail how this system operates, whom it benefits, and how it affects TCNs; 2. Explain how this system violates U.S. and international prohibitions against human trafficking and labor abuse; 3. Demonstrate that U.S. Government measures to address these problems are failing to prevent contractors from engaging in trafficking and labor abuse; and 4. Recommend concrete steps the U.S. Government should take in order to eliminate trafficking and abuse from the U.S. contracting industry. In addition to public sources, this report draws upon a) interviews conducted with a wide range of experts and other actors, including Government officials, journalists, attorneys, anti-trafficking advocates, and representatives of the contracting industry; b) documents obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union ("ACLU") through Freedom of Information Act ("FOIA") litigation on trafficking and forced labor of TCNs; and c) interviews with Indian nationals who worked previously for U.S. contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan. Details: New York: ACLU, 2012. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2014 at: http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/hrp_traffickingreport_web_0.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/hrp_traffickingreport_web_0.pdf Shelf Number: 132512 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking

Author: American Bar Association Title: How Do Fortune 100 Corporations Address Potential Links to Human Rights Violations in a Globally Integrated Economy? Summary: The report, "How Do Fortune 100 Corporations Address Potential Links to Human Rights Violations in a Globally Integrated Economy?" presents the first ever analysis of major companies' publicly available policies on human trafficking, forced labor and the trade in conflict minerals. The researchers found that 54 percent of all Fortune 100 companies have publicly available policies addressing human trafficking and that 66 percent have policies on forced labor. Furthermore, when the research team eliminated companies without supply chains (such as those engaged in insurance, banking and financial services), the remaining 79 companies - termed the "Target Group" in the study - displayed even greater coverage, with nearly two-thirds (66 percent) having policies on human trafficking and more than three-quarters (76 percent) having policies on forced labor. In addition, over one third (37 percent) of all Fortune 100 companies had publicly available policies addressing conflict minerals and over four in ten (43 percent) of the Target Group had such policies. Because not all Fortune 100 companies deal in conflict minerals, the numbers on these policies are lower. Details: Washington, DC: American Bar Association; Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 2014. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/human_rights/fortune_100_report_on_trafficking.authcheckdam.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/human_rights/fortune_100_report_on_trafficking.authcheckdam.pdf Shelf Number: 132547 Keywords: Businesses Conflict Minerals Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking

Author: Allain, Jean Title: Forced Labour's Business Models and Supply Chains Summary: This study analyses how businesses make money from forced labour. It develops a conceptual model of the business of forced labour and sets out the darker side of the labour supply chains of cannabis 'grow-ops', the construction industry and the food sector. Key points - This new conceptual model is based on the types of businesses conducting forced labour and how money is made from it. - How the UK economy functions (e.g. low business regulation and work/immigration policies) creates a pool of people who are vulnerable to forced labour. - Forced labour in the UK is not hidden. Mapping supply chains demonstrates not only where forced labour is likely to occur, but also where informality meets the formal economy. - Forced labour is associated with informality. The product and supply chains involved illustrate how informality becomes the gateway to forced labour. - Sector-specific conditions within the cannabis, construction and food industries allow for the possibility of forced labour as follows: - illegality of the product (cannabis); - volatility and self-regulation of labour providers (construction); and - seasonality (food). - Current approaches are limited in their effectiveness at preventing, detecting or prosecuting the crime of forced labour. Details: York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2013. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 2, 2014 at: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/forced-labour-business-full.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/forced-labour-business-full.pdf Shelf Number: 132613 Keywords: Economic Crimes Forced Labor Supply Chains

Author: Harroff-Tavel, Helene Title: Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East Summary: This study sheds light on the situation of trafficked adult workers in the Middle East, both women and men. It analyses the complex processes by which vulnerable migrant workers are tricked and trapped into forced labour in various types of work in the region, and the constraints that prevent them from leaving. The study aims to provide policy-makers and service providers with deeper insight into the nature of forced labour and trafficking in this region. Armed with this knowledge, action to combat trafficking in the region will become more effective, finally bringing an end to this unacceptable form of human exploitation. It also examines the responses to human trafficking put in place by national governments, employers' and workers' organizations, and other key stakeholders, and makes tentative suggestions as to how the effectiveness of their actions might be enhanced in the future. Details: Beirut: International Labour Organization, 2013. 178p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2014 at: http://www.ilo.org/beirut/publications/WCMS_211214/lang--en/index.htm Year: 2013 Country: Saudi Arabia URL: http://www.ilo.org/beirut/publications/WCMS_211214/lang--en/index.htm Shelf Number: 132961 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Middle East) Migrant Workers

Author: International Labour Office Title: Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour Summary: The global integration of economies, including labour markets, has brought many opportunities for workers and businesses. Despite the past years of economic crisis, it has generally spurred economic growth. However, the growth in the global economy has not been beneficial for all. Today, about 21 million men, women and children are in forced labour, trafficked, held in debt bondage or work in slave-like conditions. The publication of this new ILO report on the economics of forced labour takes the understanding of forced labour, human trafficking, and modern forms of slavery to a new level. It builds on earlier ILO studies on the extent, cost and profits from forced labour. For the first time, it looks at both the supply and demand sides of forced labour, and presents solid evidence for a correlation between forced labour and poverty. What's more, it provides startling new estimates of the illegal profits generated through the use of forced labour, as well as new evidence of the key socio-economic factors that increase the risk of falling victim to coercion and abuse. These new findings come as progress is being made in the struggle against forced labour. State-imposed forced labour is declining in importance when compared to the extent of forced labour in the private economy. Of course, vigilance is needed to prevent state-imposed forced labour from resurging. But attention must now be focused on understanding what continues to drive forced labour and trafficking in the private sector. Chapter 1 lays the groundwork for an understanding of forced labour and what it is, and examines the importance of defining forced labour and related practices, such as human trafficking and slavery. It reviews the global forced labour estimates published by the ILO in 2012, which were significantly higher than the ILO's earlier estimate. Chapter 2 examines the profits from forced labour. Using a new and expanded methodology and based on the 2012 Global Estimate, the report provides updated estimates of the global profits generated by forced labour. Chapter 3 provides a new analysis of the socio-economic factors that make people vulnerable to forced labour. Based on a series of ground-breaking country surveys that consider a range of different cohorts and factors, it highlights where forced labour is most likely to occur and provides a striking correlation between household vulnerability to sudden income shocks and the likelihood of ending up in forced labour. It also elucidates risk factors that can increase vulnerability to forced labour, such as poverty, lack of education, illiteracy, gender and migration. The results of this study serve to highlight the critical need for standardized data collection methods across countries that enable the ILO and other international organisations to generate more reliable global figures, measure trends and better understand risk factors. What's more, it also shows how understanding the socio-economic factors that increase a person's vulnerability to forced labour can help drive the development of new, more robust and concrete strategies that augment existing programmes. In addition, it calls for a strengthening of laws and policies based on normative responses and an expansion of preventive measures that can keep people out of forced labour. The report concludes that there is an urgent need to address the socio-economic root causes of this hugely profitable illegal practice if it is to be overcome. Comprehensive measures are required that involve governments, workers, employers and other stakeholders working together to end forced labour. It shows how the continued existence of forced labour is not only bad for its victims, it's bad for business and development as well. And it aptly illustrates that forced labour is a practice that has no place in modern society and should be eradicated as a matter of priority. Details: Geneva, ILO, 2014. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2014 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf Shelf Number: 132678 Keywords: Cost Benefit Analysis Forced Labor Human Trafficking Poverty Socioeconomic Conditions

Author: Verite Title: Labor and Human Rights Risk Analysis of the Guatemalan Palm Oil Sector Summary: Fifty million tons of palm oil are produced each year, and that volume is growing exponentially. Demand for palm oil continues to rise across the globe, as an affordable cooking oil, an input to an estimated 50 percent of grocery products, and an emerging biofuel. But the production of palm oil has been linked to troubling social and environmental problems, including the presence of forced labor and human trafficking in its supply chain. Verite is combating these abuses, and promoting ethical labor practice in palm oil production, by helping companies and other stakeholders understand the problem, identify it in the supply chain, and build effective solutions. This primer explains forced labor and human trafficking as it relates to the palm oil industry and identifies common indicators of the abuse workers endure. It also sheds light on steps companies can take to combat these problems in their supply chains. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2014 135p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2014 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/RiskAnalysisGuatemalanPalmOilSector_0.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Guatemala URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/RiskAnalysisGuatemalanPalmOilSector_0.pdf Shelf Number: 132872 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking (Guatemala)

Author: Grant, Emily A. Title: Exploratory Study of Human Trafficking in Wyoming Report Summary: The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) funded the Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center (WYSAC) to conduct an exploratory study of human trafficking in Wyoming. This was the first-ever study examining the problem of human trafficking in Wyoming. This exploratory project began building a foundation for a larger research effort to follow. The main goal for this exploratory study was to develop an understanding of what data already exists and identify data gaps concerning human trafficking. This was accomplished through conducting a literature search, 32 key informant interviews, 3 informal focus groups, and archival data compilation. We have discovered that generally people do know what human trafficking is, and many have had experience with a known or suspected case through their work in Wyoming. Service providers and law enforcement are aware of human trafficking problems and while they do not have any formal protocols, they feel that they can effectively handle a human trafficking situation should it arise. Law enforcement and social service providers stated a clear need for education and training on effective strategies for identifying and responding to human trafficking cases. Creation of a training course for social service providers and law enforcement is recommended. A standard reporting system for both confirmed and suspected cases, along with state-wide network would be beneficial for connecting law enforcement and service providers so that they may better serve victims of human trafficking. In terms of determining the scale and scope of human trafficking in Wyoming, this exploratory study could not definitively address the issue. The infrastructure does not yet exist in Wyoming. First, law enforcement and social service providers (likely "first responders") must receive training and guidance on how to recognize and effectively serve human trafficking victims. Awareness of human trafficking must also be raised at the community level to reduce stigmatization, increase the chances of it being recognized and support victims in escaping the situation. Next, a standard reporting system for both confirmed and suspected cases, along with state-wide network must be created for law enforcement and service providers so that they may better serve victims of human trafficking. Once these steps have been Details: Laramie, WY: Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center, University of Wyoming, 2013. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: WYSAC Technical Report No. CJR - 1302: Accessed August 11, 2014 at: https://wysac.uwyo.edu/wysac/ProjectView.aspx?ProjectId=295&DeptId=0 Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://wysac.uwyo.edu/wysac/ProjectView.aspx?ProjectId=295&DeptId=0 Shelf Number: 132988 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Wyoming) Sex Trafficking

Author: Simich, Laura Title: Improving Human Trafficking Victim Identification - Validation and Dissemination of a Screening Tool Summary: Statement of problem Human trafficking occurs on an enormous scale in the United States, but only a fraction of victims are identified, hindering provision of victim services and prosecution of traffickers. Purpose of the study To provide a solution, the Vera Institute of Justice (Vera) designed, field-tested and validated a comprehensive screening tool to improve victim identification, victim services and law enforcement efforts on a nation-wide scale. Working with 11 victim service providers, Vera collected original data on more than 230 cases from interviews with potential trafficking victims and case file reviews to determine if the screening tool could reliably identify victims-including adults and minors, and domestic and foreign-born-of sex and labor trafficking. Vera also facilitated participatory evaluation by conducting focus groups and 36 in-depth interviews with service providers, trafficking survivors and law enforcement personnel to identify best practices in implementation of the screening tool. Summary of results The study achieved its validation and evaluation objectives and identified good practices in victim identification. Analysis demonstrated that the screening tool accurately measures several dimensions of human trafficking and is highly reliable in predicting victimization for both sex and labor trafficking across diverse sub-groups, including those divided by age, gender and country of origin. The majority of questions asked in the three domains-migration, work, and working/living conditions-in which indicators were measured, were significant predictors of trafficking after controlling for demographics: - 87% of the questions significantly predicted trafficking victimization in general; - 71% were significant predictors of labor trafficking specifically; and - 81% were significant predictors of sex trafficking. Statistical validation determined that a short version of the tool consisting of 16 questions (approximately half of the questions tested) accurately predicts victimization for both sex and labor trafficking cases. The tool can be further shortened if an interviewer suspects a specific type of trafficking victimization (sex or labor) based on circumstances. Of the 180 individuals in the sample who responded to the screening questions, 53% (N=96) were trafficking victims and 47% (N=84) were non-trafficking victims, i.e. victims of other crimes such as domestic violence, smuggling, prostitution or labor exploitation. Of the trafficking victims, 40% (N=38) were sex trafficking victims and 60% (N=58), labor trafficking victims. Few studies have described characteristics of trafficking victims and factors associated with trafficking among diverse sub-groups. While this study sample is not representative of trafficking victims in general, data analysis revealed, for example, that trafficking victims in this sample were more likely than non-trafficking victims to report that they spoke ―good‖ or ―excellent‖ English and to have more education compared to non-trafficking victims. Females were more likely to have been subjected to some form of sexual exploitation and isolation, while males were more likely to have experienced labor exploitation. Evaluation demonstrated that the efficacy of the screening tool depends upon its appropriate use. Because of the trauma and fear that trafficking victims endure, a sensitive approach is paramount. Building trust, ensuring safety and meeting victims' legal, social and health needs are fundamental considerations in victim identification. More resources, training and collaboration are essential in this process. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2014. 454p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 12, 2014 at: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/human-trafficking-identification-tool-technical-report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.vera.org/sites/default/files/resources/downloads/human-trafficking-identification-tool-technical-report.pdf Shelf Number: 132999 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Prostitution Sex Trafficking Victim Identification Victim Services Victims of Crime

Author: Australia. Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Title: Trading Lives: Modern Day Human Trafficking Summary: Trafficking in persons, slavery and slavery-like practices is an egregious violation of an individual's human rights. Trafficking and slavery victims are exploited physically, emotionally and mentally and the effects of this trauma can be long lasting and destructive. Trafficking in persons, slavery and slavery-like practices are some of the fastest growing criminal activities in the world. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that between 2002 and 2011 there were over 20 million victims of forced labour globally. In 2009, the ILO also estimated that the annual global profits from trafficked forced labourers were around US$32 million. This equates to a profit of US$13,000 for each woman, man and child trafficked into forced labour. The crimes of trafficking in persons, slavery and slavery-like practices place an additional economic burden on each country. Funding is provided for resources devoted to its prevention, the treatment and support of victims and the apprehension and prosecution of offenders. Every country around the world is affected, including Australia. Since 2004 the Australian Federal Police have undertaken more than 375 investigations and assessments into allegations of trafficking in persons, slavery and slavery-like practices. 209 suspected victims of trafficking in persons and slavery were provided government support through the Support for Trafficked People Program, and there have now been 17 convictions for slavery, slavery-like and trafficking in persons offences. The Committee acknowledges the steps taken by the Government to strengthen Australia's criminal justice framework, establishing additional offences of forced marriage, forced labour, organ trafficking and harbouring a victim in the Criminal Code. Australia has an opportunity to maximise its effectiveness by implementing a suite of mechanisms and tools to combat these crimes and increase support for its victims at the national and international level. Details: Canberra: Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 2013. 157p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 28, 2014 at: http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=jfadt/slavery_people_trafficking/report.htm Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=jfadt/slavery_people_trafficking/report.htm Shelf Number: 129905 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Australia)

Author: Brazil Ministry of Justice Title: Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Border Areas Summary: Behind the scenes of the festivities surrounding Brazil's hosting of the football World Cup this summer, vulnerable Brazilians and immigrants were being trafficked into exploitation for many different purposes, including football itself. New research on trafficking in children, women and men at the Brazilian land borders identified forms of exploitation that were previously unknown to policy-makers and researchers. From the Amazon to the Iguazu Falls, a team of researchers conducted field research in the regional capitals of all eleven border states in Brazil - along a land border that is 16,886 km long, and separates Brazil from nine other South American countries and a French overseas territory. The resulting research report, Assessment of Trafficking in Persons in the Border Areas of Brazil, was launched in Portuguese in Brasilia late last year and has just been published in English and Spanish. Brazil's recent rapid economic growth, largely based on tapping into its vast natural resources, has led to situations of labour and sex trafficking for men, women and children. Both Brazilian and foreign, they are exploited at hydroelectric power plants, in mines, on plantations and on cattle ranches. Some children and adults were also identified as trafficked for exploitation in illegal activities, such as illegal logging, drug cultivation, drug trafficking and the smuggling of contraband goods. Sexual exploitation remains the most common form of trafficking identified, and affects girls, boys, young transgender women and girls, and adult women, both with and without prior experience working in the sex industry. Girls from impoverished rural families are also trafficked into wealthier families under the guise of an informal fostering system that would allow them to receive an education. This system is then abused to exploit the girls through domestic work. Boys are taken to and from Brazil with promises of success as professional footballers, but neither they nor their families receive the promised payments. A clear geographical pattern emerges from this research, which was funded by the Brazilian government and coordinated by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), headquartered in Vienna, in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Sexual exploitation was most commonly reported in the Northern border region, whereas forced labour was more commonly identified in the Centre and South Region. The report also reveals a pattern to the profiles of trafficked people; some indigenous groups, women, children and transgender women can be more vulnerable. While there may be some fear of reporting trafficking and exploitation to the authorities, many trafficked people and their families are in such a state of economic and social vulnerability that they see no viable alternative to being trafficked and exploited in order to survive. The Brazilian Minister of Justice, Jose Eduardo Cardozo, who launched the research in Brasilia in October of last year, calls trafficking an "underground" crime, because of the lack of police records. According to Cardozo, 'the research identified a permissive culture that legitimises the commission of the crime. Without numbers, it is difficult to carry out an efficient investigation and to effectively combat trafficking.' Among the recommendations ensuing from the assessment is for Brazil to develop its migration policy with a focus on providing assistance to migrants, including trafficked people, as well as to improve local service provision and public policies to ameliorate the individual, social and situational vulnerability of potential trafficking victims in the border area. Clearly, the opportunity to earn an income through some form of decent work would go a long way in preventing these situations from arising. Details: Brussels: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), 2013. . 270p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2014 at: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/2014/Enafron_IN_web.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.icmpd.org/fileadmin/ICMPD-Website/ICMPD_General/Publications/2014/Enafron_IN_web.pdf Shelf Number: 133281 Keywords: Border Security Drug Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Brazil) Sexual Exploitation Smuggling

Author: President's Advisory Council on Faith-based and Neighborhood Partnerships (U.S.) Title: Building Partnerships to Eradicate Modern-Day Slavery: Report of Recommendations to the President Summary: There are more slaves in the world today than at any other point in human history, with an estimated 21 million in bondage across the globe. Every 30 seconds another person becomes a victim of human trafficking. Trafficking in persons, or modern-day slavery, mars every corner of the globe and manifests itself in a debasement of our common humanity that is completely at odds with religious and ethical teachings alike. This heinous crime robs tens of millions of people of their basic freedom and dignity. Victims of modern-day slavery include U.S. citizens and foreign nationals, children and adults, who are trapped in forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation, with little hope of escape. Trafficking in persons is estimated to be one of the top-grossing criminal industries in the world, with traffickers profiting an estimated $32 billion every year. The extraordinary reach of this crime is shocking-with cases reported in virtually every country in the world, including in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia and U.S. territories and insular areas. This report is a call to action for our government to partner with all parts of the American citizenry, including philanthropic organizations, the business community, institutions of higher education, and the non-profit sector, both religious and secular, to eradicate modern-day slavery. Our country's leadership is urgently needed to fight this heinous crime. Details: Washington, DC: The Advisory Council, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 24, 2014 at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/advisory_council_humantrafficking_report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/advisory_council_humantrafficking_report.pdf Shelf Number: 133812 Keywords: Faith-Based Groups Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Partnerships Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gabriele, Felicia Title: The Incidence of Human Trafficking in Ontario: Ontario Coalition Research Initiative Summary: "The findings in this report reveal that the province of Ontario urgently needs to invest in system changes, revise its child welfare legislation, fund shelters, develop a province-wide action plan, and a provincial task force to take a proactive approach to combatting human trafficking," said AAMS president, Karlee Sapoznik. Among its important highlights, the Alliance Against Modern Slavery Ontario Coalition Research Report on The Incidence of Human Trafficking in Ontario reveals that: approximately 62.9% of victims trafficked to, through, within or from Ontario were Canadian citizens, 90% of these individuals were female, 63% of trafficked persons were between the ages of 15-24, and the most common age of trafficked persons was 17 years old at 18%. The majority of individuals were recruited through a personal contact (84.6%). Within Ontario, the General Toronto Area (GTA) was the most common destination site for human trafficking. The city of Toronto was also a significant transit point, acting as a hub for a number of human trafficking routes. Within Canada, individuals were trafficked to Ontario from the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Individuals trafficked to Ontario from foreign countries were trafficked from: Afghanistan, Antigua, Czech Republic, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Thailand, the United States, Ukraine, and Vietnam. From Ontario individuals were trafficked to the provinces of Manitoba, Alberta and Quebec, and to the countries of Afghanistan, England and the United States. 96.5% of victims experienced some or multiple forms of violence. Overall, males were predominately trafficked for the purpose of forced labour. Significantly, females were more likely than males to be trafficked in every category of trafficking reported. Out of those who were trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation (68.5%), one (0.7%) was male and 67.8% were female. Out of those who were trafficked for the purpose of forced labour (24.5%), 8.4% were male and 16.1% were female. Out of those trafficked for the purpose of a forced marriage (7.7%), all 7.7% were female. Additionally, out of those trafficked for the purpose of petty crime (6.3%), all 6.3% were female. In almost half of the cases (49.7%), individuals spent from less than 1 year up to 2 years in slavery. The four biggest challenges that organizations faced when assisting victims of trafficking were: Organizational funding/financial resources (46.9%), lack of housing (46.2%), providing financial support to the victim (42.7%), and finding counselling for the victim (37.1%). Other problems identified included providing medical support (21%), finding legal support (14.7%), the lack of proper risk assessments (13.3%), obtaining police support (12.6%), regressive immigration policies (11.2%), accessing Federal Government assistance (5.6%), and a lack of understanding from children's aid services (2.8%). Alarmingly, in 24.5% of cases, it was not known if follow-up attempts with the trafficked person had taken place. Out of the 2.1% of victims that pursued a civil claim in civil court, only one received a financial settlement. Details: Toronto: Alliance Against Modern Slavery: Ontario Coalition Research Initiative, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 27, 2014 at: http://www.allianceagainstmodernslavery.org/sites/default/files/AAMS-ResearchData.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.allianceagainstmodernslavery.org/sites/default/files/AAMS-ResearchData.pdf Shelf Number: 133829 Keywords: Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking (Ontario, Canada)

Author: Human Rights Watch Title: Summary: At least 146,000 female migrant domestic workers�perhaps many more�are employed in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Female domestic workers from the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Ethiopia, and elsewhere face severe abuse and exploitation by employers and labor recruitment agencies. �I Already Bought You�: Abuse and Exploitation of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the United Arab Emirates documents how the UAE�s visa sponsorship system (known as kafala) ties migrant workers to employers and how the exclusion of domestic workers from labor law protections leaves migrant domestic workers at risk of abuse. The report exposes barriers preventing abused domestic workers from obtaining remedy, including lack of shelters, penalties for �absconding� workers, and justice system failings. Based on interviews with 99 female domestic workers, recruitment agents, employers, and others in the UAE, the report documents abuses that domestic workers face�passport confiscation, non-payment of wages, lack of rest periods and time off, confinement to households, excessive work and working hours, food deprivation, and psychological, physical, and sexual abuse. In some cases the abuses amounted to forced labor or trafficking. The UAE has an increasingly influential role in the international labor arena. In 2014, it joined the governing body of the International Labour Organization. At home, however, it maintains the exploitative kafala system, has failed to adopt a bill pending since 2012 on domestic workers� rights, and has yet to ratify key international treaties on migrants� and domestic workers� rights. Human Rights Watch calls for the reform of the kafala system and the introduction of labor law protections and other measures to fully protect domestic workers� rights. Details: New York: HRW, 2014. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed November 10, 2014 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/uae1014_forUpload.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Arab Emirates URL: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/uae1014_forUpload.pdf Shelf Number: 134018 Keywords: Domestic Workers (U.S.) Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Migrant Labor

Author: Torres, Sol Title: Slavery and Human Trafficking in the 21st Century Summary: An estimated 30 million people are subject to modern day slavery, including forced labor and sexual exploitation. Moreover, the trafficking of human beings is one of the fastest growing transnational criminal activities. Not only is it an abuse of the human rights of the victims involved, but it also incurs social, political, and economic costs for the countries it most impacts. Providing first an overview of the global phenomenon of modern-day slavery, this paper proceeds to study the Greater Mekong Subregion for whose states human trafficking represents a serious challenge-one which requires a well-coordinated response to, among other measures, scrutinize labor contracts in risk economic sectors, enhance interstate cooperation, and more effectively identify and prosecute human traffickers. Details: Stockholm: Institute for Security and Development Policy, 2014. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Focus Asia, No. 10: Accessed November 18, 2014 at: http://www.isdp.eu/publications/index.php?option=com_jombib&task=showbib&id=6487 Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://www.isdp.eu/publications/index.php?option=com_jombib&task=showbib&id=6487 Shelf Number: 134132 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Asia) Sexual Exploitation Slavery

Author: Verite Title: Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains Summary: More than twenty million men, women and children around the world are currently believed to be victims of human trafficking, a global criminal industry estimated to be worth $150.2 billion annually. As defined in the US Department of State's 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report), the terms "trafficking in persons" and "human trafficking" refer broadly to "the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion," irrespective of whether the person has been moved from one location to another. Trafficking in persons includes practices such as coerced sex work by adults or children, forced labor, bonded labor or debt bondage, involuntary domestic servitude, forced child labor, and the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Many different factors indicate that an individual may be in a situation of trafficking. Among the most clear-cut indicators are the experience of coercive or deceptive recruitment, restricted freedom of movement, retention of identity documents by employers, withholding of wages, debt bondage, abusive working and living conditions, forced overtime, isolation, and physical or sexual violence. The United States Government is broadly committed to combating trafficking in persons, as guided by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, and the UN Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. In September 2012, the United States took an unprecedented step in the fight against human trafficking with the release of a presidential executive order (EO) entitled "Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts." In issuing this EO, the White House acknowledged that "as the largest single purchaser of goods and services in the world, the US Government has a responsibility to combat human trafficking at home and abroad, and to ensure American tax dollars do not contribute to this affront to human dignity." The EO prohibits human trafficking activities not just by federal prime contractors, but also by their employees, subcontractors, and subcontractor employees. Subsequent amendments to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the Defense Acquisition Regulations System (DFARS) in the wake of the EO will affect a broad range of federal contracts, and will require scrutiny by prime contractors of subcontractor labor practices to a degree that has not previously been commonplace. Top level contractors will now need to look actively at the labor practices of their subcontractors and suppliers, and to consider the labor involved in production of inputs even at the lowest tiers of their supply chains. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2015. 152p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 31, 2015 at: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/237137.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/237137.pdf Shelf Number: 134508 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Labor Practices Organized Crime Supply Chains

Author: Kelly, Jocelyn Title: Assessment of Human Trafficking in Artisanal Mining Towns in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo Summary: Human trafficking is a fundamental violation of human rights. In conflict and post-conflict situations, people may be more vulnerable to trafficking due to high levels of exploitation and violence, weak civilian protection mechanisms, displacement, and a breakdown in social cohesion. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has been embroiled in violence since 1996, when violence from the Rwandan genocide sparked conflict across the border in the eastern provinces of Congo. Dozens of armed groups with shifting allegiances, motivations, and identities have preyed upon civilian communities, perpetrating a wide array of human rights abuses. Over the decades of violence, millions of civilians have died, making Congolese conflict the deadliest since World War II. In recent years, the artisanal mining sector in eastern Congo has gained a great deal of international attention for the role it has played in fueling the conflict by providing rebel groups with a source of income. Recognition of this dynamic has raised concerns that these mining communities are also home to some of the worst human rights abuses as different powerful actors vie for control of these profitable areas. Hundreds of thousands, and possibly millions1 of artisanal miners and their families rely on mining for their livelihood. Driven by extreme poverty with limited economic alternatives, these miners accept extreme working conditions. The environment is further complicated by poor governance, poor regulatory oversight, and widespread corruption; conditions that are conducive to labor and sexual trafficking. The United Nations and a number of advocacy groups have described different forms human trafficking in these areas. The 2014 State Department Trafficking in Persons Report calls particular attention to trafficking in persons in the artisanal mining sector. Despite this recognition, systematic quantitative evidence about the type and scale of human trafficking in Congolese mines is lacking. This project attempts to provide an empirically-based understanding of the nature and scale of labor and sex trafficking of men, women and children in artisanal mining sites in South Kivu and North Katanga. It then aims to use this information to identify recommendations for the United States Agency for International Development's (USAID) programmatic interventions. Fundamental to the understanding of the scope of human trafficking in this context is clearly defining who a trafficked person is. Broad categories of human trafficking include: forced labor; debt bondage; sex trafficking; forced child labor and child sex trafficking. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines the most severe forms of human trafficking as: - Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or - The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Systematic empirical evidence about the type and scale of human trafficking in DRC mines is lacking. Many of the assertions cited by domestic and international groups are based on anecdotal evidence that seek out specific instances of trafficking in persons (TIP). Despite the important body of work aimed at documenting the issues of trafficking in the artisanal mining sector, the established narrative is undermined by the absence of data on the prevalence, patterns, and causes of trafficking. It is therefore difficult to identify which types of interventions are most needed, and what the most pivotal points of entry are for programming to combat TIP. This assessment therefore seeks to fulfill the need for an empirical inquiry using quantitative research methods. The objectives of this work are to: 1) provide an empirically-based understanding of the nature and scale of labor and sex trafficking of men, women and children in eastern DRC mining communities; 2) identify recommendations for USAID programmatic interventions; and 3) recommend evaluation activities and research questions related to the recommended programmatic interventions. This initial version of the assessment addresses the first point and aims to serve as a basis for further discussion about recommendations. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2014. 131p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2015 at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00K5R1.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00K5R1.pdf Shelf Number: 134565 Keywords: Child Labor Child Sex Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (Democratic Republic of the Cong Mining Communities Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Gibbs, Deborah Title: Evaluation of Services for Domestic Minor Victims of Human Trafficking Summary: RTI International conducted a participatory process evaluation of three programs funded by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) to identify and provide services to victims of sex and labor trafficking who are U.S citizens and lawful permanent residents (LPR) under the age of 18. The evaluation was funded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), also part of DOJ. The goals of the evaluation were to document program implementation in the three programs, identify promising practices for service delivery programs, and inform delivery of current and future efforts by to serve this population. Specifically, the evaluation described young people served by the programs, their service needs, services delivered by the programs, the experiences of young people and staff with the programs, and programs' efforts to strengthen community response to trafficked youth. OVC funded three programs that differed substantially in their organization and service delivery approaches: - The Standing Against Global Exploitation Everywhere (SAGE) Project, located in San Francisco, serves adults and youth affected by sexual exploitation. Prior to the OVC grant, they provided life skills programs, advocacy, counseling and case management for girls, including those in the juvenile justices system. - The Salvation Army Trafficking Outreach Program and Intervention Techniques (STOP-IT) program, located in Chicago, was founded by the Salvation Army and grew from that organizations engagement in local trafficking task forces. Under the OVC grant, STOP-IT expanded their services from foreign trafficking victims to domestic youth engaged in sex trades. - The Streetwork Project at Safe Horizon, located in New York City, serves homeless and street-involved youth with drop in centers, a residential program, counseling, health care, legal advocacy and other services, offered by Streetwork staff and co-located providers. For this participatory evaluation, the RTI team worked closely with staff from the three programs to develop instruments and methods. Programs collected information on clients served and on the services provided to these clients between January 2011 and June 2013. The evaluation team made five site visits to each program over the course of the grant period, during which they conducted a total of 113 key informant interviews with program staff and partner agencies and compiled case narratives describing the experiences of 45 program clients. The evaluation addressed four questions: 1. What are the characteristics of young people who are trafficked, including both sex and labor trafficking? 2. What services do young people who were trafficked need? What services do the OVC-funded programs provide, either through their own resources or through partner agencies? 3. How is the implementation process viewed by program staff, partner agencies, and those who receive services? 4. How are programs working to strengthen community response to trafficked youth? Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International, 2014. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 9, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248578.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248578.pdf Shelf Number: 134576 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking (U.S.) Sex Trafficking Street Workers Victim Services Youth Homelessness

Author: Zimmerman, Cathy Title: Health and human trafficking in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Findings from a survey of men, women and children in Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a gross violation of human rights that often involves extreme exploitation and abuse. People are trafficked for various forms of exploitation, including labour exploitation in various low-skilled sectors and sexual exploitation. In these circumstances, trafficked persons are exposed to a multitude of health risks, in addition to violence, deprivation and serious occupational hazards. These dangers frequently result in acute and longer-term morbidity - and sometimes even death. Many, if not most, of those who survive a trafficking experience will require medical care for their physical and psychological health needs. To date, there has been very limited robust research on the health consequences of human trafficking, and to our knowledge, no surveys have been conducted on the health needs of survivors of trafficking for various forms of labour in the Greater Mekong subregion. In response to evidence gaps on health and trafficking, a prospective, cross-sectional, multi-site survey was conducted among people in post-trafficking services to identify their health risks and priority health-care needs. The findings of this survey were based on responses provided by 1,102 people who had been exploited and were willing to share their experiences and voice their health concerns. While these findings illustrate an overwhelming panorama of abuse, at the same time they offer a picture of hope through the opportunity to understand and respond with better health protection and response mechanisms in the future. Details: International Organization for Migration and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2014. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2015 at: http://th.iom.int/images/report/Health_and_Human_Trafficking_in_the_GMS.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://th.iom.int/images/report/Health_and_Human_Trafficking_in_the_GMS.pdf Shelf Number: 134726 Keywords: Forced Labor Health Care Human Trafficking (Asia) Sexual Exploitation

Author: Murphy, Laura T. Title: The Louisiana Human Trafficking Report Summary: A first-ever report on human trafficking in the New Orleans metro area released March 21 by Loyola University New Orleans sheds light on the problem, highlighting indicators that suggest sex trafficking and forced labor are significant concerns for the area. While New Orleans has rapidly increased its legal, law enforcement and service provider capacity to address human trafficking in the last five years, obstacles stand in the way of effectively assisting victims, according to the report. The Modern Slavery Research Project at Loyola, with the support of the New Orleans Human Trafficking Work Group, released "The Louisiana Human Trafficking Report," authored by Loyola professor Laura Murphy, Ph.D., who leads the research project and the work group, and alumnus Brian Ea. For nine months, Murphy and other researchers turned to survivors, service providers, social workers, journalists, law enforcement, and local and state officials to uncover the pressing issues of human trafficking in the last 10 years, including the area's preponderance of sexual entertainment services, barriers for victims to report the crimes, high rates of poverty and youth homelessness. In the first six months of 2013 alone, a hotline run by the National Human Trafficking Resource Center received 227 reports from Louisiana, approximately the same number received in all of 2012. Among the likely human trafficking cases gleaned from those hotline calls, at least half involved minors. Sixty-eight percent were sex trafficking related, while at least 16 percent were cases of labor trafficking. But those statistics only uncover the tip of the iceberg, according to Murphy. Those statistics capture only a fraction of the cases - only those cases identified by a citizen and then reported to law enforcement or through other official channels such as the hotline. "Understanding human trafficking in the United States is incredibly difficult because exploited laborers tend to be a hidden population. The Modern Slavery Research project is dedicated to producing thoughtful, data-driven, community-based research that can better inform our community's approach to this issue," she said. "This report is only the beginning of the research we need to do to uncover the prevalence and scope of trafficking in Louisiana." Murphy, on a mission to help combat human trafficking in the Crescent City, hopes that the report will be used as ammunition to fuel ongoing efforts to address both sex and labor trafficking. In that realm, the report points to several recommendations that aim to improve awareness and response to trafficking, including: -Establish a dedicated human trafficking legal court in New Orleans; - Vacate criminal records for all crimes committed by adults that are determined to be a result of labor or sex trafficking victimization; -Pursue appropriate cases as human trafficking instead of the Fair Labor Standards Act or, in the cases of sex trafficking, pandering or inciting prostitution; -Focus on arrest of traffickers instead of sex workers; -Increase training to health care professionals on identifying victims of trafficking; -Expand access to self-esteem, harm-reduction and anti-trafficking curricula for youth; and -Create a high school anti-human trafficking curriculum with sustainable dissemination model. Details: New Orleans: Loyola University New Orleans, 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://admin.loyno.edu/webteam/userfiles/file/LA%20HT%20Report%20final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5887a2a61b631bfbbc1ad83a/t/59498f8b5016e1fb9956b1e7/1497993139659/LouisianaHT.pdf Shelf Number: 135631 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sex Workers Sexual Exploitation

Author: Chuang, Janie A. Title: Exploitation Creep and the Unmaking of Human Trafficking Law Summary: The U.S. government has been promoting a greatly expanded legal definition and policy understanding of the problem of human trafficking. Through doctrinal and discursive conflation, it has recast (1) forced labor as trafficking, and (2) trafficking as "slavery." The aggregate effect of these moves is a doctrinally problematic "exploitation creep" that creates two possible trajectories for the anti-trafficking movement. The first favors crime-control-focused approaches that seek ex post perpetrator accountability and victim protection. The second - favored here - targets structural vulnerability to trafficking through strengthened labor frameworks, providing long-overdue substance to States' obligations to prevent trafficking under international law. Details: Washington, DC: American University - Washington College of Law, 2013. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: American University, WCL Research Paper No. 2014-49: Accessed May 30, 2015 at: http://www.upf.edu/gredtiss/_pdf/2013-LLRNConf_Chuang.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.upf.edu/gredtiss/_pdf/2013-LLRNConf_Chuang.pdf Shelf Number: 129963 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Slavery Human Trafficking

Author: Stepnitz, Abigail Title: Male-ordered The mail-order bride industry and trafficking in women for sexual and labour exploitation Summary: This report explores the concept of servile marriage and the ways in which it overlaps with trafficking and violence against women and girls, especially those brought to the United Kingdom. The report reviews the social, political and economic contexts in the UK and on a global scale that have contributed to the development and proliferation of the mail-order bride (MOB) industry, the trends that can currently be observed and the ways in which the industry promotes trafficking, slavery, prostitution, pornography, exploitation of vulnerable groups and racial and ethnic stereotyping. The report examines evidence from websites and marriage brokers as well as from men who have or intend to 'purchase' a wife. Much of this evidence reflects the disconcerting levels of racialisation, links with sexual abuse of children, and the use of deceit and coercion to lure women from their homes and communities into lives of servitude in the UK. Statistical evidence is also analysed to highlight trends in ethnic representation, region and country of origin, and the issuing of fiancee/spousal visas, reported trends in prostitution, POPPY Project referrals of women trafficked for sexual and labour exploitation, abuse of migrant domestic workers and overall rates of domestic violence suffered by women in the UK. The theme of this report - the trafficking of women and girls into servile marriage through 'mail-order bride' channels - is yet another frontier in the global struggle against contemporary slavery and the multiple ways in which women and girls are exploited. Trafficking is a primary example of the connection between poverty, development, migration, violence against women and sexual or labour exploitation. A servile marriage will be understood here to be any situation wherein a woman is in a marriage that is either legally binding or sanctioned by her community in such a way that she has no reasonable possibility of asserting that the marriage is invalid; and wherein the woman is held in domestic and/or sexual servitude that defines her role as a wife. Details: London: The POPPY Project, Eaves Housing for Women, 2009. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2015 at: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2012/04/Male-ordered-bedd8d.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://i1.cmsfiles.com/eaves/2012/04/Male-ordered-bedd8d.pdf Shelf Number: 135876 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Mail-Order Brides Marriage Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Title: Severe labour exploitation: workers moving within or into the European Union - States' obligations and victims' rights Summary: Worker exploitation is not an isolated or marginal phenomenon. But despite its pervasiveness in everyday life, severe labour exploitation and its adverse effects on third-country nationals and EU citizens - as workers, but also as consumers - have to date not received much attention from researchers. The extensive fieldwork and desk research carried out by FRA for the report is the first to look comprehensively into various criminal forms of severe labour exploitation of workers who move from one EU Member State to another or from a third country. It aims to fill the knowledge gap, thus challenging the current climate of implicit acceptance of severe labour exploitation. The report identifies risk factors contributing to such exploitation and discusses means of improving the situation. It highlights the challenges faced by EU institutions and Member States in making the right of workers who have moved within or into the EU to decent working conditions a reality. It aims to support them in preventing severe labour exploitation, monitoring situations where severe labour exploitation occurs and making victims' right to have access to justice a reality. An EU-level consensus is needed which states that severe labour exploitation is unacceptable and that all workers are entitled to the effective protection of their rights. If the EU and its Member States are serious about maintaining national and international labour standards, accepting systemic labour exploitation is not an option. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 13, 2015 at: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2015-severe-labour-exploitation_en.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2015-severe-labour-exploitation_en.pdf Shelf Number: 136007 Keywords: Forced Labor Labor Exploitation Worker Exploitation

Author: Anti-Slavery International Title: Into the Unknown: Exploitation of Nepalese migrant domestic workers in Lebanon Summary: Hundreds of thousands of migrants are currently working in the Middle East in situations that can amount to forced labour and slavery. This is a direct consequence of the systems currently in place in these countries, as well as policies and practices in their home countries, including in South Asia and further afield. Research by Anti-Slavery International, KAFA - (Enough) Violence & Exploitation in Lebanon- and GEFONT - the General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions - has identified that domestic workers from Nepal seeking legal and decent work in Lebanon are one such group who are suffering from this type of exploitation. Domestic work includes a range of tasks carried out in private homes including cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, taking care of children or the elderly, running errands and sometimes looking after an employer's small business. Domestic workers can live in their employer's home or independently from them, but working within the home is the single most important determinant in defining a domestic worker. Migrant domestic workers are workers who have migrated to other cities or villages, either internationally or within their own countries' borders to find employment. Thousands of women and girls migrate every day to find work as domestic workers and provide for their families. In Lebanon alone, there is currently an estimated 200,000 migrant domestic workers. The abuse and exploitation they suffer is well documented. Until 2012, Lebanon was the top country of destination for female migrant workers. The plight of Nepalese migrant domestic workers is rooted in a continuum of vulnerabilities starting from their recruitment in their rural villages and lasting until they start work in a home in the Lebanese capital city and beyond. At every stage of the migration process and employment, they risk being abused and exploited. Many are trafficked for forced labour, with some employers forbidding them from leaving the house, confiscating their passports and using violence or threats of violence to control and force them to work, often without pay. Others fall into bonded labour as a result of the transportation and recruitment costs, as well as the commission fees charged by the agent and/or broker and incurred in taking up a job abroad. They are put in this situation as a result of inadequate policies, discrimination, lack of preparedness, isolation, and an absence of coordinated efforts to protect them. Each one of these factors can lead to serious labour and human rights violations; when combined, as they are for migrant domestic workers including for Nepalese in Lebanon, they create the conditions within which abuse and exploitation can flourish. In 2012, Anti-Slavery International launched a project looking at the situation of migrant domestic workers from Nepal, prior to and after they migrate to Lebanon. The work is implemented in partnership with KAFA in Lebanon and GEFONT in Nepal. The activities build on research undertaken in these two countries as well as India examining the legislation, policy and practice of the migration cycle in origin and destination countries, with particular reference to its impact on female migrant domestic workers. The research concluded that the combination of gender discrimination in policies, lack of relevant and accessible training pre-departure, lack of protection or little or no regulation of recruitment agencies, as well as discriminatory policies in the countries of destination, mostly through the kafala - or sponsorship system - all result in a failure to protect female migrant domestic workers. The research also showed that the vulnerabilities to abuse and exploitation suffered by migrant domestic workers are inter-related and interdependent; for example, even if women received appropriate pre-departure training, they would remain vulnerable to exploitation if the ban currently preventing women under 30 from migrating to Lebanon remained. Therefore, it will be only be possible to improve their situation by addressing, concurrently, the continuum of vulnerabilities to which they are subjected prior to, during and after migrating and by making them agents of change for themselves and others in Hundreds of thousands of migrants are currently working in the Middle East in situations that can amount to forced labour and slavery. This is a direct consequence of the systems currently in place in these countries, as well as policies and practices in their home countries, including in South Asia and further afield. Research by Anti-Slavery International, KAFA - (Enough) Violence & Exploitation in Lebanon - and GEFONT - the General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions - has identified that domestic workers from Nepal seeking legal and decent work in Lebanon are one such group who are suffering from this type of exploitation. Domestic work includes a range of tasks carried out in private homes including cooking, cleaning, washing clothes, taking care of children or the elderly, running errands and sometimes looking after an employer's small business. Domestic workers can live in their employer�s home or independently from them, but working within the home is the single most important determinant in defining a domestic worker. Migrant domestic workers are workers who have migrated to other cities or villages, either internationally or within their own countries' borders to find employment. Thousands of women and girls migrate every day to find work as domestic workers and provide for their families. In Lebanon alone, there is currently an estimated 200,000 migrant domestic workers. The abuse and exploitation they suffer is well documented. Until 2012, Lebanon was the top country of destination for female migrant workers. The plight of Nepalese migrant domestic workers is rooted in a continuum of vulnerabilities starting from their recruitment in their rural villages and lasting until they start work in a home in the Lebanese capital city and beyond. At every stage of the migration process and employment, they risk being abused and exploited. Many are trafficked for forced labour, with some employers forbidding them from leaving the house, confiscating their passports and using violence or threats of violence to control and force them to work, often without pay. Others fall into bonded labour as a result of the transportation and recruitment costs, as well as the commission fees charged by the agent and/or broker and incurred in taking up a job abroad. They are put in this situation as a result of inadequate policies, discrimination, lack of preparedness, isolation, and an absence of coordinated efforts to protect them. Each one of these factors can lead to serious labour and human rights violations; when combined, as they are for migrant domestic workers including for Nepalese in Lebanon, they create the conditions within which abuse and exploitation can flourish. In 2012, Anti-Slavery International launched a project looking at the situation of migrant domestic workers from Nepal, prior to and after they migrate to Lebanon. The work is implemented in partnership with KAFA in Lebanon and GEFONT in Nepal. The activities build on research undertaken in these two countries as well as India examining the legislation, policy and practice of the migration cycle in origin and destination countries, with particular reference to its impact on female migrant domestic workers. The research concluded that the combination of gender discrimination in policies, lack of relevant and accessible training pre-departure, lack of protection or little or no regulation of recruitment agencies, as well as discriminatory policies in the countries of destination, mostly through the kafala - or sponsorship system - all result in a failure to protect female migrant domestic workers. The research also showed that the vulnerabilities to abuse and exploitation suffered by migrant domestic workers are inter-related and interdependent; for example, even if women received appropriate pre-departure training, they would remain vulnerable to exploitation if the ban currently preventing women under 30 from migrating to Lebanon remained. Therefore, it will be only be possible to improve their situation by addressing, concurrently, the continuum of vulnerabilities to which they are subjected prior to, during and after migrating and by making them agents of change for themselves and others in In Nepal, a model has been developed to bring relevant and adequate pre-departure information to potential female migrants in the two districts of Jhapa and Morang in a format they can easily rely on. The information is relayed by members of the community called Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHV) who have been trained on issues of safe migration, especially for women migrating for domestic work. As members of the community, these FCHV will have a better knowledge of the situation of women in these areas and will be more likely to gain their trust. Providing adequate pre-departure information to prospective migrant domestic workers is a crucial step in making migration safer for women. If they are informed of the legal steps to migration, of the realities and potential dangers linked to working abroad as a domestic workers, women are more likely to make informed decisions about their migratory plans. In Lebanon, the project also supports the development of the Nepali community of migrant domestic workers, who came together under the NARI group. The objective is to scale up and replicate this model across communities, based on lessons learnt from the Nepalese experience. As illustrated in the report, in addition to building stronger and better prepared communities of domestic workers, these interventions are also crucial to informing and strengthening the partnership's campaign for policy and practice reforms. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2014. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2015 at: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2014/i/into_the_unknown_report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Lebanon URL: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2014/i/into_the_unknown_report.pdf Shelf Number: 136070 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Migrants

Author: Polaris Project Title: Knocking at Your Door: Labor Trafficking on Sales Crews Summary: Labor trafficking has been left unchecked in the traveling sales crews industry for decades. Abusive managers use psychological manipulation, violence, sexual harassment or assault, and abandonment in unfamiliar cities to pressure victims into working harder and to intimidate those who wish to leave their situation. Traffickers avoid detection by frequently moving their operating locations and even changing the names of their businesses. Attempts to address exploitation over the years have failed, and sales crews are the second most reported labor trafficking industry on the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline and BeFree Textline. Knocking at Your Door: Labor Trafficking on Traveling Sales Crews provides an in-depth analysis of the factors that allow this crime to persist and encourages greater understanding of the extensive abuses within the industry. The report makes several recommendations, including: Congress should amend the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in order to cover door-to-door sales, The Federal Government should investigate abuses of the J-1 visa program Law enforcement should pursue bad actors at the top of the sales network instead of focusing on crew members violating local anti-solicitation laws, Service organizations should recognize crew members as victims of labor trafficking so they can receive support, The publishing industry should ensure transparent business supply chains in their magazine sales, and Consumers should use caution when buying magazines or other items from sales crews. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 23, 2015 at: http://www.polarisproject.org/storage/knocking-on-your-door-sales-crews.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.polarisproject.org/storage/knocking-on-your-door-sales-crews.pdf Shelf Number: 136132 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking

Author: Anderson, Bridget Title: Forced Labour and Migration to the UK Summary: The disaster in which 21 Chinese migrants died picking cockles in the treacherous tides off Morecambe Bay in February 2004 has led to increased public awareness of the abusive employment relations and poor living conditions of many migrants working in the United Kingdom. Press coverage of these issues can adopt a very mixed tone. On the one hand the migrants involved are depicted as 'victims' working in Dickensian conditions; the employers and ubiquitous gangmasters as morally reprehensible and, more often than not, foreign. On the other hand migrants are also frequently portrayed as persons benefiting from undeserved opportunities. However, this short exploratory report offers a new framework with which we might begin to discuss the problem of super-exploitation in the workplace, particularly that which affects migrant workers. The report begins by answering questions such as What are the indicators of forced labour? and Why do people become vulnerable to forced labour? Focussing on four sectors - agriculture, construction, care workers and contract cleaning - the report highlights issues such as health and safety, accommodation and subcontracting. A key finding is that future discussion must begin to separate the control of immigration and the protection of workers rights. Details: Oxford, UK: Center on Immigration Policy and Society, and London: Trades Union Congress, 2004. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 29, 2015 at: http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Forced_labour_in_UK_12-2009.pdf Year: 2004 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/Forced_labour_in_UK_12-2009.pdf Shelf Number: 136229 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Immigration Migrants Organized Crime

Author: Boff, Andrew Title: Shadow City: Exposing Human Trafficking in Everyday London Summary: Increasingly the authorities and many residents in London know that there is a criminal activity called human trafficking. What they don't usually know, accurately, is what human trafficking actually constitutes and what forms are taking place around them. Most London residents imagine that it does not touch directly on their lives - that the exploitation takes place in brothels run by foreign gangs controlling foreign women. But it's nearer than they think. If you have had an Irish or Eastern European traveller knocking on your door offering cut-price construction work, if you have had a manicure at a Vietnamese nail bar; if you have been to inexpensive Chinese and Indian restaurants or takeaways; passed by groups of men at mobile soup runs for the homeless; if you have taken cannabis; bumped into Latin American cleaning staff at London hotels; dealt with British or African children who play truant at school; if any of these circumstances are familiar to you, then you may well have seen or even indirectly been involved in the exploitation of a victim of "trafficking." But human trafficking is not slavery in the historic sense - this is the first misleading notion and is partly why authorities often fail to recognise, and so let down, victims of trafficking. The scare-stories about thousands of hidden slaves tied up against their will is inaccurate. What can be found in London, in higher numbers, are children and vulnerable British adults and, often irregular, migrants being relentlessly exploited, particularly by British standards and international human rights legislation. However, "choice", ambiguous as that term may be, is involved in these victims' circumstances and, in many cases these people - such as migrants from poverty stricken backgrounds or homeless British male victims - may see this life as an improvement on where they have come from. Yet some victims will experience appalling and often gruesome abuse in the UK. Sexual torture, starvation and physical abuse are not uncommon in these outwardly 'consensual' environments. However, at the other end of the scale you can find workers experiencing no physical or sexual abuse, and whose 'traffickers' have largely kept to the terms of agreement. They will be being paid less than the minimum wage, working unremitting hours, and be in unreasonably high debt bondage to criminals. They will also still live in a state of anxiety relating to those they owe money to, or those they work with, or the British authorities due to their irregular immigration status. This makes human trafficking a grey area, not black and white as is commonly presented. Details: London: GLA Conservatives, 2013. 230p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2015 at: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Shadow-City.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Shadow-City.pdf Shelf Number: 136284 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Mulvihill, Natasha Title: An Evaluation of the GDVSAP Trafficking and Grooming Project, Gloucester, UK Summary: This report was commissioned by Gloucestershire Domestic Violence Support and Advocacy Project (GDVSAP) in Gloucestershire to evaluate the Trafficking and Grooming (T&G) project established in 2011 and funded for three years by the Esmee Fairbairn Foundation. Researchers at the University of Bristol Centre for Gender and Violence Research considered: - how effective the project has been at what it actually delivered; - what learning the project offers in terms of both frontline practice with victims of grooming and/or trafficking and the wider strategic and/or policy response in Gloucestershire, and beyond. The report is structured around three sets of outcomes data: - Telephone interviews with selected practitioners in the county who have worked with the T&G project and/or are working with young people (including views of the project, its organisation, effectiveness and aims; the nature of multiagency working; and the perception of trafficking and grooming as an issue in Gloucestershire) (n=12) - The individual victim casework files (n=64) - Evaluation sheets completed by attendees at CSE training delivered by the T&G project (n= 174) Conceived originally to meet the needs of trafficked women (particularly those without recourse to public funds) and support young women being groomed in to prostitution, the T&G project evolved to focus particularly on young girls at risk of, or experiencing, sexual exploitation broadly (90% of recorded cases) and has worked with only a handful of trafficking victims (around 6% of recorded cases). Of the 64 individuals that the project has supported over the funded period, half engaged positively and two thirds of this group appeared to have a reduced CSE risk after the project's intervention. A key achievement of the project is that it has provided a service to those at risk and in need who might otherwise slip through the statutory net (adult women, for example) or who need intensive work over a period (such as the young people at risk of CSE/grooming). This has been particularly important during a period of budget cuts to statutory services. The client base is very diverse and this has required negotiating and maintaining a profile working across three different strategic remits, which is extremely resource-intensive. A county-wide 'anti-sexual exploitation' strategy which recognises the links between risk of CSE, prostitution, and trafficking, could bring together this work more coherently. Despite losing the domestic violence tender, GDVSAP maintains a strong reputation locally and the T&G coordinator has worked hard to sustain its wider remit. As such, there has been an attempt to maintain the positioning of the T&G project in the wider context of gender, power, domestic and sexual violence and coercion. The majority of the interview respondents said that the project's work with young people at risk of CSE, its specialist knowledge and BME expertise, were vital and there is concern about future funding for the service. Details: Bristol, UK: Centre for Gender and Violence Research, University of Bristol, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2015 at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sps/media/GDVSAP_evaluation_report_2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/sps/media/GDVSAP_evaluation_report_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 136302 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking

Author: Brunovskis, Anette Title: Reframing trafficking prevention: Lessons from a "Positive Deviance" approach Summary: This study discusses our piloting of a project to prevent human trafficking utilizing the positive deviance approach. For this pilot project, NEXUS Institute and Fafo partnered with the Albanian anti-trafficking NGO Different and Equal (D&E), thereby bringing together both research and practice in collaboratively developing and implementing this project. Our interest in the positive deviance approach emerged from learning about its previous application in the prevention of trafficking of girls into the sex industry in Indonesia. Having conducted research on trafficking in many different countries and regions, one of our general observations over time has been that what works in one context may not be equally successful elsewhere. We were, therefore, interested to see if this approach (positive deviance) could potentially be used more broadly � in this case in another geographical, social and economic environment, as well as adapted to adult trafficking victims and victims of trafficking for labor as well as sexual exploitation. Details: Oslo: Fafo, 2015. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Fafo-report 2015:21: Accessed August 5, 2015 at: https://nexushumantrafficking.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/reframing-trafficking-prevention-lessons-from-pd-approach-brunovskis-surtees-2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Albania URL: https://nexushumantrafficking.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/reframing-trafficking-prevention-lessons-from-pd-approach-brunovskis-surtees-2015.pdf Shelf Number: 136340 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Liberty Asia Title: From every angle: Using the law to combat human trafficking in Southeast Asia Summary: Modern-day slavery takes many forms: human trafficking, forced and bonded labour, sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. The common denominator of all these crimes is the evil intention to strip human beings of their freedom, and then to use, control, abuse and exploit them. Although often hidden, these odious crimes are all too common on fishing boats in Thailand, brothels in Cambodia, behind the closed doors of homes in Hong Kong, or in hotels in Western countries. As part of the wider efforts to combat these hateful crimes, the Thomson Reuters Foundation has teamed up with Liberty Asia and a number of leading law firms, to produce 'From every angle: Using the law to combat human trafficking in Southeast Asia'. Fighting human trafficking through our global pro bono programme TrustLaw is a core focus of the Thomson Reuters Foundation. The report looks at the laws that apply in a range of scenarios: a woman is promised employment as a domestic worker, but receives abuse instead of her pay; a boy moves for a construction job, but is held against his will and denied fair wages; a woman moves country for a job, only to be forced to work in a brothel. While all these scenarios involve trafficking, it is not just trafficking laws that apply. We hope the report will highlight the range of offences that can occur in a trafficking situation, such as assault, sexual violence, employment and immigration law breaches, to enable more prosecutions and combat the culture of impunity for the traffickers and the offenders, whoever they are. The report focuses on seven countries in Southeast Asia. However, trafficking is a global issue. TrustLaw connects lawyers in over 170 countries with NGOs, like Liberty Asia, to provide free legal assistance on pressing global issues or to support their legal needs. Modern day slavery is a big part of our Trust Women Conference - a fast-growing movement to put the rule of law behind women's rights and trigger concrete action. Details: London: Thomson Reuters Foundation, 2014. 269p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2015 at: http://lawyer-vietnam.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/From-every-angle.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://lawyer-vietnam.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/From-every-angle.pdf Shelf Number: 134306 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Massachusetts Interagency Human Trafficking Policy Task Force Title: Findings and Recommendations Summary: It is estimated that across the United States nearly 300,000 children are trafficked for sex every year. The U.S. Justice Department has identified the average age of entry into prostitution is 13.7 These cases involve tremendous violence, are complex and expensive to prosecute. Victims are brutalized in the worst ways imaginable. In Massachusetts, there is currently no systematic way to quantify the problem much less identify and meet the needs of victims. Trafficking victims are individuals lured into this country and Massachusetts with false promises of legitimate work, only often to be forced into the sex or labor industry upon arrival. They are also domestic and Massachusetts born runaways being taken in by traffickers and forced to trade sex for a place to sleep, or girls being baited into "the life" by a presumed boyfriend who later reveals himself as a pimp. Much like a victim of domestic violence, human trafficking victims are trapped by fear, isolation, and brutality at the hands of their traffickers. The Task Force recognizes that frequently one victim is subjected to both sex and labor trafficking. However, because these two types of trafficking are often addressed differently, a separate and in-depth discussion of each is provided below to best understand their specific aspects. Sex Trafficking Sex trafficking of U.S. citizens and foreign nationals occurs across the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. For example, in 2011, The E.V.A. Center, a Boston-based program that works with adult women involved in the sex trade, reported that the program served 225 adult women since the program began in 2006.8 Of these women, 20 were identified as foreign nationals and 145 were between the ages of 17 and 25. The E.V.A. Center reports that over half of the women were court involved with an over half of the women were court involved with an over representation of young women aging out of government systems, such as the custody of the Massachusetts Department of Children and Families ("DCF") and the Department of Youth Services ("DYS"). The majority of women were referred at a point of crisis, largely from law enforcement ("LE"), community clinics, hospitals, the Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance, the Probation Department, and SafeLink, the Massachusetts domestic violence hotline. Similarly, the commercial sexual exploitation of youth occurs across the Commonwealth. Although state-wide statistics are not available, in a 2012 report the Children's Advocacy Center ("CAC") of Suffolk County noted that, "[i]n recent years, hundreds of girls in the Boston area have been drawn into 'the life' of commercial sexual exploitation; countless others remain at risk." The report documented more than 480 child victims of sexual exploitation received services in Suffolk County between 2005 and 2012. Of these children, 98% were girls, and 65% of the girls were girls of color. Moreover, the majority were runaways and/or victims of child abuse. The CAC report also acknowledges that "[b]oys and transgendered youth are also involved in commercial sexual exploitation of children ("CSEC"), but less visible." There is a lack of understanding of the nature and extent of trafficking of men and boys. Furthermore, there is a dearth of information regarding children being trafficked in other regions of the Commonwealth, and the identification of child victims outside of Boston remains a challenge. There is also a connection between homelessness and trafficking in Massachusetts, irrespective of age. According to a 2005 report from the Massachusetts Department of Education ("DOE"), approximately 12,000 Massachusetts high school students are homeless with 5,000 unaccompanied or without a guardian. Of these youth, 47% experienced mental illness, 21% of homeless youth have substance abuse issues (compared to 2% of housed youth), and 20% of youth are involved in the criminal justice system. According to Steven Procopio, staff member at Boston GLASS Surviving Our Struggle and subcommittee member, homeless men and boys are more vulnerable to become commercially exploited. Procopio reports that sexually exploited youth are often former runaways due to family violence, sexual abuse, and sexual identity issues. Many turn to the sex industry as a survival mechanism to obtain food or shelter. Survivors report high rates of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases, and they are often exploited sexually by men and/or women with economic means. Labor Trafficking Labor trafficking takes a variety of forms in Massachusetts, including forced labor, domestic servitude, or debt bondage in workplaces such as restaurants, bars, nail salons, and factories. Throughout Massachusetts, many individuals work in industries where they are increasingly vulnerable to exploitation, and this is compounded by fact that many of these industries function in the underground economy. In 2011, Governor Deval Patrick recognized the hazards of these jobs, noting that the underground economy "exploits vulnerable workers and deprives them of legal benefits and protections." While trafficking involves both U.S. citizen and foreign nationals, undocumented workers are often particularly vulnerable to abuse due to their lack of immigration status and fear of deportation. According to a 2012 study by The Immigrant Learning Center, large industries in Massachusetts thrive off of immigrant workers, including accommodations and food services (10.5%), health care and social assistance (15.6%), manufacturing (13.6%), and retail (9.6%).17 Furthermore, the report states, "immigrants are much more highly concentrated in occupations that require little education such as building and grounds cleaning and maintenance (3.13%), production (2.24%), health care support (1.74%), food preparation and serving (1.67%) and farming, fishing, and forestry (1.43%)" - industries where workers are more prone to abuse and exploitation. While labor statistics are not available, Lutheran Social Services of New England, an organization that provides case management and legal services to labor trafficking survivors, confirmed recent cases of labor trafficking in Massachusetts. Cases included: - Workers living in restaurants and subject to poor working conditions and nonpayment of wages; - Domestic workers from Brazil, Bolivia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda, employed to provide housekeeping or child care services; - Dancers in strip clubs throughout Massachusetts; - Employees of diplomats brought to the United States to work; - Women working in massage parlors or apartments providing sexual and massage services (mixed sex/labor cases); - Factories employing workers using threats of deportation and poor working conditions; - Agricultural and seasonal workers; - H-2B workers employed by companies providing substandard working conditions and housing to workers; - Women lured by promises to marry or of romance who are then coerced to work; and - Children coerced to beg for money on the street. Workers in certain sectors were more prone to abuse. For example, temporary workers in Massachusetts have been particularly vulnerable to exploitation. According to a 2011 report by the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, more than 941 temporary agencies employed 65,720 workers each day, working in industries such as construction, manufacturing, warehousing, and landscaping. Mirna Montano, Massachusetts Coalition for Occupational Safety and Health ("MassCOSH") Worker Center organizer, reports "We had so many frustrated and upset workers coming to us for help with unpaid wages, injuries, illegal fees," and "bad employers [knew] that they could get away with leaving workers in the dark regarding almost everything: pay rate, who was covering workers' compensation insurance, [and] how much transportation would cost." In July 2012, the Massachusetts legislature passed a statute aimed at extending greater protection to temporary workers. However, little is yet known about the legislation's impact on exploitation and trafficking. Details: Boston: The Task Force, 2013. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 31, 2015 at: http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/ihttf/ihttf-findings.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.mass.gov/ago/docs/ihttf/ihttf-findings.pdf Shelf Number: 136647 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Runaways Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: National Crime Research Centre (Kenya) Title: Human trafficking in Kenya Summary: Background This study sought to examine human trafficking in Kenya. Human trafficking is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. The general objective of study was to examine human trafficking in Kenya with a view to informing prevention, control and mitigation measures by agencies in the criminal justice system. The study examined the prevalence of human trafficking in Kenya, main types/forms, factors contributing to human trafficking; victims and their socio-economic profiles, survival mechanisms of victims and survivors; the recruiters and their socio-economic profiles; facilitators and networks, sources, transit routes, modes of transportation and destinations of trafficked human beings. The payment cost involved, socio-economic effects of human trafficking, intervention strategies and their effectiveness; and finally best practices in preventing and combating trafficking in human beings; challenges faced in preventing and combating and possible solutions. This research was initiated to provide detailed understanding of human trafficking in Kenya. Study Methods The study employed a survey design. This design of the methodology implied spending a lot of time in the communities where victims of human trafficking could be found. The techniques applied were the following: analysis of secondary reference materials, observation, unstructured and semi-structured interviews with key informant. Data was collected using questionnaire for Key Informants and Interview schedules for sample respondents. Data was analyzed using statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Findings are then presented in distribution frequency and percentage tables and figures. The use of descriptions and quotations was instrumental in the analysis and presentation of qualitative data. All the data was presented in themes guided by the research questions. Review of literature identified gaps in policy and related studies is also covered. The field work was carried out in the across the Country in 20 counties that were sampled, with 735 sample respondents with 25 key informants drawn from institutions addressing human trafficking in Kenya and elsewhere. Key Findings Results of the study indicate that: i. Trafficking of people from Kenya to other nations was the most prevalent (external trafficking) in Kenya at 60.2%. 84% of the respondents indicated awareness of human trafficking and out of these, 55% indicated that prevalence of human trafficking was quite high, 36% indicated that it was medium and 9% said that it was low. On the most prevalent type/ form of trafficking, trafficking for labour scored highest followed by child trafficking and trafficking for prostitution at 58.7%, 24.1% and 17.1% respectively. ii. Forms of trafficking prevalent in Kenya were labour and sex related at 44% and 53% respectively. Trafficking involves children, men and women at 33%, 26% and 41% respectively. iii. Poverty and unemployment are the main factors contributing to human trafficking. In domestic poverty was highest at 47.1% and external at 37.6%. Unemployment scored second highest at 34.1% in external and 23.7% in domestic. iv. Victims of human trafficking are children, men and women and their socio-economic profiles are low income, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, desire for well paying jobs, domestic violence and social exclusion. v. Most survivors of human trafficking engage in self employment as a survival strategy at 28.5% and doing odd jobs at 20.8%. Other activities that they are involved in includes; support from relatives and well wishers; Enganging in prostitution; Involved in crime,; Get counselling services; Get government/ NGO'S assistance; Live in isolation and Joining religious groups. For the victims they comply with traffickers as their only survival strategy vi. Recruiters of human trafficking victims are relatives at 40.%, businessmen at 23%,, friends at 20.9% , government officers, wealth people in the village, middle and high level professional, teachers, social workers and religious leaders. Socio-economic profiles of recruiters are middle and high income earners, individuals who command a following and respect from people. They are generally influential persons in society. vii. High levels of Poverty and unemployment in the country are the main facilitators in external trafficking at 25.7% and 26% respectively. Ready markets for casual labour and corruption also scored high at 12% and 11.6%. Others were ; Ideology of better life styles, Illiteracy, its a lucrative business, porous border points and lack of awareness (civic education). viii. 70.5% of the respondents indicated that most of the victims in domestic trafficking are sourced from rural areas and 21.6% from urban areas. In external, 42.2% are sourced from urban areas and 29.7 from other African countries. Other sources include institutions like schools, churches, children homes and refugee camps. Road transport is the commonly used in domestic trafficking at 81.7% while air is mostly used in external human trafficking The results indicate that victims of human trafficking in external are mostly destined in Middle East countries at 44.5% and 32.9% are trafficked in other African countries. In domestic human trafficking, most of the victims are destined in urban areas at 67.2%. ix. Agent commission's cost emerged as the major payment cost with 46.7% . However, 28.6% of the respondents indicated unawareness of these costs. Others which were listed includes; Transport costs, registration fee, reward for brokers and agents, Medical cost, document processing costs and money for food and accommodation. x. Awareness of socio-economic effects was at 80.1% with Brain drain/labour drain emerging as the highest socio economic effect of human trafficking with 21.6% followed by psychological trauma at 19.9% and social breakdown at 10.6% and increased insecurity at 10.5% .Others were; death; improves family income; loss of revenue; Violation of human rights and freedom; increased school dropouts and poverty respectively. xi. Of those who indicated awareness of intervention strategies, the following were listed as the strategies used to address human trafficking in Kenya: Strategic checkpoints for verification of documents, civic education by government and media, Arrest and prosecution of culprits, ban on night travelling and to certain destinations, enforcement of existing Acts, embracing the Nyumba Kumi Initiative, and youth empowerment through Uwezo fund. xii. Three interventions were used to rate the effectiveness of intervention strategies used to address human trafficking. Based on three, the study showed that these intervention strategies are not working. This is after scoring the following percentages on non-effectiveness: prosecution 58.5%, prevention 58.7% and capacity building 47.8%. On effectiveness, they scored 26.7%, 31.9% and 36.3% respectively. Comparing the three capacity building was the most effective at 36.3%. xiii. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are the major reasons as to why the business of human trafficking continues to persist in the country despite various interventions in place. Other reasons which emerged from the results of the survey are; Ignorance among the Kenyan people, Corruption in government officials, Advanced technology which helps in recruitment, existing laws being lenient on perpetrators, Kenyans being greedy for money, poor implementation of existing laws, trafficking being a lucrative business, porous border points, high demand for labour in developed countries and high Illiteracy level among Kenyans. xiv. Improving renumeration for the officials handling the issue of human emerged the best at 24% followed by civic education at 22% and Increasing surveillance and beefing up security at 13.4%. Others were; job creation , Effective legislations, Taming corruption, improving the economy, collaboration among stake holders and community policing. xv. Corruption emerged as the major challenges faced in preventing and combating human trafficking in Kenya at 41.2% followed by unemployment at 13.5%. Other challenges identified were ; Lack of effective laws to address the issue, lack of collaboration between the stake holders, lack of political will/ hostile border relations, Ignorance, collusion between locals and perpetrators, poverty, and lack of resources xvi. Taming corruption and creating jobs/ offering loans to the youths emerged as the best solutions to the challenges faced in preventing and combating human trafficking in the country at 23.7% and 19.2% respectively. Other solutions listed were; providing civic education, Reducing the gap between the rich and the poor, Increasing surveillance, Enforcement of existing laws, providing resources, vetting of officers handling the issue of human trafficking, Initiating community policing ,Enacting new punitive legislations, collaboration among stake holders and Creating a special police unit to handle the issue. Recommendations i. Strengthen detection and investigation as corruption is rampant and could hinder the same through Networking and Collaboration among stakeholders ii. Stakeholders in fight against human trafficking should embrace new technology in tracking and detecting the culprit, establish inter-link between local and international investigating agencies and training of investigators to be enhanced iii. There is need to apply the anti-trafficking law to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses, and convict and punish trafficking offenders, including government officials suspected of complicity in human trafficking; iv. Enhance the use the anti-trafficking law or Section 14 of the Sexual Offenses Act to prosecute and punish child sex tourists; provide additional training to all levels of the government, particularly law enforcement officials, on identifying and responding to trafficking crimes; establish an official process for law enforcement officials to refer trafficking victims for assistance; v. The government should continue to increase oversight of and accountability for overseas recruitment agencies; increase protective services available to adult trafficking victims, particularly those identified in and returned from the Middle East; vi. Establish and convene the Counter-Trafficking in Persons Advisory Committee to coordinate the government's anti-trafficking efforts and oversee full implementation of the Counter-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2010; vii. Establish the board of trustees to oversee the National Assistance Trust Fund for Victims of Trafficking and allocate money to endow this fund; and launch and implement the national plan of action. viii. Prosecutors to widely use the Counter-Trafficking in Persons Act. As guidelines for implementing the victim protection provisions of the anti-trafficking statute have yet to be developed, the government continued to lack a formal mechanism for identifying victims of trafficking among vulnerable populations. ix. There is need efforts to identify and protect all victims; male, female and child trafficking victims. Protection for adults was unavailable, including for the increasing number of victims in the overseas migrant worker population. Neither the Ministry of Gender nor any other ministry received a specific budget allocation for anti-trafficking activities. x. Efforts to reduce poverty and unemployment should be quickened to curb human trafficking especially of children and women. xi. Efforts should be geared towards protection, prevention and capacity development for the public particularly those in low income areas, with illiteracy and unemployed. xii. Recommendations strategies used to address human trafficking in Kenya: Strategic checkpoints for verification of documents, civic education by government and media, Arrest and prosecution of culprits, ban on night travelling and to certain destinations, enforcement of existing Acts, embracing the Nyumba Kumi Initiative, and youth empowerment through Uwezo Fund. Details: Nairobi, Kenya: National Crime Research Centre, 2014. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 1, 2015 at: http://crimeresearch.go.ke/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=4:preliminary-reports&Itemid=496 Year: 2014 Country: Kenya URL: Shelf Number: 136936 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Prostitution Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime Unemployment

Author: Sharapov, Kiril Title: Understanding Public Knowledge and Attitudes towards Trafficking in Human Beings. Part 1 Summary: Despite Europe being a major thoroughfare for human trafficking and exploited labour that enables many European consumers to live 'the good life', research presented in this paper shows that many citizens do not understand human trafficking, nor do they see it as a problem in their everyday lives. Over the last decade, human trafficking has become a policy priority for governments in all European countries, for non-governmental organizations that provide services to victims of trafficking, and for researchers attempting to assess its magnitude. However, little is still known about how many people are trafficked into and exploited within Europe, and how many people are exploited across national economies without being trafficked in the first place. Little is also known about public understanding of human trafficking and public attitudes towards this phenomenon. This study addresses a gap in knowledge in this field and highlights differences in the levels of awareness of human trafficking among the general public in Great Britain, Ukraine, and Hungary. It relies on representative surveys of public understanding and attitudes towards human trafficking in these countries, which represent one of the many trafficking routes from Eastern into Central and Western Europe. The surveys were completed between December 2013 and January 2014. Details: Budapest: Center for Policy Studies, Central European University, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2015 at: https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/cps-working-paper-upkat-public-knowledge-and-attitudes-towards-thb-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/cps-working-paper-upkat-public-knowledge-and-attitudes-towards-thb-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 137036 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Public Attitudes Public Opinion

Author: Sharapov, Kiril Title: Understanding Public Knowledge and Attitudes towards Trafficking in Human Beings. Part 2 Summary: Part 2 of this research report should be read and considered within the context of the discussion, methodological overview and survey data analysis introduced in part 1 (Sharapov 2014a). In picking up where Part 1 left off, Part 2 explores how survey respondents answered a series of agree/disagree statements in relation to various issues associated with trafficking in human beings. The project's survey questionnaire is included as Annex 1 in Part 1. Details: Budapest: Center for Policy Studies, Central European University, 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2015 at: https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/cps-working-paper-upkat-public-knowledge-and-attitudes-towards-thb-2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/default/files/publications/cps-working-paper-upkat-public-knowledge-and-attitudes-towards-thb-2015.pdf Shelf Number: 137038 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Public Attitudes Public Opinion

Author: Cyrus, Norbert Title: The Concept of Demand in Relation to Trafficking in Human Beings: A Review of Debates since the Late 19th Century Summary: The 2000 UN Trafficking Protocol obliged states to discourage demand that fostered exploitation leading to trafficking. Fifteen years later, there is still no shared understanding of what demand means in the context of debates on trafficking in human beings (THB). This paper charts the history of the use of the concepts "trafficking" and "demand" in the context of debates on trafficking since the 1860s. It shows that terminological confusion was and still is a constant feature of these debates. The paper argues that conceptual confusion hampers mutual understanding, prevents reasonable dispute and undermines the capacity to develop policy approaches which effectively provide protection from trafficking and exploitation. Details: Vienna, Austria: Demand Side Measures Against Trafficking, 2015. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP2_Cyrus_October_2015_FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP2_Cyrus_October_2015_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 137466 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: The Concept of "Exploitation" in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol Summary: Article 3(a) of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Trafficking in Persons Protocol) defines trafficking in persons as constituting three elements: (i) an "action", being recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons; (ii) a "means" by which that action is achieved (threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, and the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve consent of a person having control over another person); and (iii) a "purpose" (of the action/means): namely, exploitation. Exploitation is not specifically defined in the Protocol but stipulated to include, at a minimum: "the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs." The definition further clarifies in Article 3(b), that consent of the victim to the intended exploitation is irrelevant when any of these 'means' have been used. All three elements (act, means and purpose) must be present to constitute 'trafficking in persons' in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. The only exception is that when the victim is a child, the 'means' element is not part of the definition. The Protocol definition has been widely embraced by States and the international community. However, over the past decade it has become evident that questions remain about certain aspects of that definition and its practical application. This is important because to characterize certain conduct as 'trafficking' has significant and wide-ranging consequences for the alleged perpetrators of that conduct, and for the alleged victims. There may also be consequences for States - both internally in terms of constructing a national understanding of the nature and extent of the 'trafficking problem', and externally, in relation to various institutions and mechanisms that concern themselves with States' response to 'trafficking'. The potential breadth and narrowness of the definition has raised several issues to which States have taken quite different positions. Those who support a conservative or even restrictive interpretation of the concept of trafficking consider that too wide a definition may encompass practices that do not meet the high seriousness threshold expected of 'trafficking'. Those who advocate for a more expansive interpretation consider that too narrow an understanding of what is 'trafficking' may impede investigations, prosecutions and convictions related to practices that should indeed fall within this term - or indeed operate to exclude such practices altogether. Claims that 'all trafficking is slavery' and 'all forced labour is trafficking' are just two manifestations of what has been termed 'exploitation creep'. The risk that important concepts contained in the Protocol are not clearly understood and, therefore, are not consistently implemented and applied has been acknowledged by States Parties. In 2010, the Open-ended Interim Working Group on the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Working Group on Trafficking in Persons) recommended that UNODC prepare a series of Issue Papers "to assist criminal justice officers in penal proceedings" on several concepts identified as problematic. The first Issue Paper, on the concept of "abuse of a position of vulnerability and other 'means'" was completed and issued in 2012, along with a Guidance Note for Practitioners. The second study, which dealt with the issue of "consent" was completed and issued in 2014. That study did not lend itself to a Guidance Note but a list of 'Key Considerations" for practitioners was formulated and included as an annex to the Issue Paper. The present study focuses on the third definitional concept identified as requiring attention: the concept of "exploitation". Each study has adopted a similar methodology, with occasional refinements to reflect lessons learned. The methodology includes (i) a desk review of relevant literature including legislation and case law; (ii) a survey of States representing different regions and legal traditions through legislative and case review as well as interviews with practitioners; (iii) preparation of a draft issue paper; (iii) review of the draft issue paper and development of additional guidance at an international expert group meeting; and (v) finalization of the Issue paper and any associated guidance. This present Issue Paper is divided into five parts. Part 1 sets out introductory and background material. Part 2 provides an overview and analysis of the international legal and policy framework around exploitation with a particular focus on the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Part 3 summarises and analyses the results of the survey conducted of national law and practice as it relates to exploitation within the definition of trafficking. Part 4 seeks to draw together the findings from the survey. The final part, Part 5, provides guidance emanated in the process of developing this paper, including through the surveys and expert interviews as well as in the expert group meeting in October 2014. Details: Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2015. 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2016 at: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/unodc_ip_exploitation_2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/unodc_ip_exploitation_2015.pdf Shelf Number: 137472 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sexual Exploitation

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: The role of recruitment fees and abusive and fraudulent recruitment practices of recruitment agencies in trafficking in persons Summary: The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), as the guardian of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (the Trafficking in Persons Protocol), assists Member States in their efforts to effectively implement the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and to build comprehensive and effective responses to trafficking in persons. Among other work, UNODC supports Member States through the development of various research and issue papers and reports on trafficking in persons. The purpose of this work is to help improve understanding of the complex nature of the crime of trafficking in persons, with the ultimate goal to allow for better prevention of the crime, prosecution of traffickers, protection of trafficking victims, and creation of more effective partnerships and cooperation among States and between different stakeholders. The present report aims to shed light on one of the burning issues concerning trafficking in persons, namely the linkages between recruitment fees and abusive and fraudulent practices of recruitment agencies and trafficking in persons. Recruitment agencies can play a legitimate and essential role in facilitating supply and demand in labour markets, across geographies and sectors. In particular, they often facilitate the movement of workers looking for job opportunities outside their home countries. Yet, abusive recruitment practices seem to flourish in all parts of the world. Such practices seem to be closely linked with trafficking in persons. In many countries recruiters and recruitment agencies charge workers fees for recruitment services that far exceed the legal limits or that might be prohibited altogether. The indebtedness that often follows and the need to repay the debt often drives workers to accept difficult or exploitative working conditions, making them vulnerable to trafficking in persons. In addition, the role of recruitment fees and agencies in trafficking in persons can go beyond just creating vulnerabilities in workers to trafficking in persons. Recruiters and recruitment agencies might be directly involved in trafficking criminal networks aiming to exploit workers. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between recruitment fees and other abusive and fraudulent practices of recruitment agencies and trafficking in persons, with a particular focus on criminal justice measures to address this relationship. While there have been numerous incidents of abusive recruitment practices and subsequent labour exploitation reported in all parts of the world, little is known about how States respond to the phenomenon and whether they use their anti-trafficking legislation to prosecute persons involved in such recruitment practices. The paper examines the State practice with a view to highlighting lessons learned and providing recommendations on how to adequately respond to the issue. Addressing the role of recruitment fees and agencies in trafficking in persons is a challenging undertaking, since the topic has not yet been thoroughly examined and globally the criminal justice responses and measures in this regard appear to be very limited. Yet, it is hoped that the report will increase knowledge and awareness of the linkages between trafficking in persons and abusive recruitment practices and shed light on the existing responses. It should be noted that the present report is complemented by the report "Regulating labour recruitment to prevent human trafficking and to foster fair migration: models, challenges and opportunities" prepared by the International Labour Organization (ILO), an outcome document of the ILO's parallel, related research. While these are two separate reports, UNODC and the ILO have developed joint recommendations stemming from both Organizations' research, which will be launched together with the respective publications of ILO and UNODC. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2015. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2016 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2015/15-05035_ebook-_Recruitment_Fees.Agencies.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2015/15-05035_ebook-_Recruitment_Fees.Agencies.pdf Shelf Number: 137473 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Organized Crime

Author: Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies Title: "I thought I was applying as a caregiver": Trafficking in Women for Labour Exploitation in Domestic Work Summary: In recent years the issues of gender and migration have received more attention from scholars, researchers and policymakers in different national contexts as well as at the EU level. Despite there being acknowledgment that gender matters, the experience of migrant domestic workers as possible victims of trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation has remained unexplored. Migrant domestic workers are left out of most policy framework relating to immigrant integration, violence against migrants, trafficking in human beings (THB), or exploitation, and therefore they tend to be invisible at all levels. However, female migrant domestic workers are visible agents within the destination countries since current economies in Europe are also built around them. EU Mediterranean countries such as Spain, Greece and Cyprus have become destination countries for many female migrant domestic workers, while Lithuana is a country from which domestic workers originate. It is evident from previous research that many are victims of exploitation. OSCE's Guide on Gender-Sensitive Labour Migration Policies notes that more women are migrating and the demand for workers in female dominated sectors, such as domestic work, is ever-increasing. Research shows that domestic workers play a crucial role in society but at the same time, due to the isolated and unregulated setting of their work, they are especially vulnerable to abuse, violence and exploitation. Migrant domestic workers mostly live in their employer's house and many, according to studies by the International Labour Organization, report physical, psychological, sexual abuse, and exploitative work conditions. They are often overworked, underpaid, have their personal documents confiscated, are restricted in their freedom of movement, and have their pay withheld in order to pay off debts related to their recruitment and transportation. Such exploitation is under-reported, and authorities do not necessarily recognize these situations to be cases of trafficking. However, trafficking in women may occur if the employee has been deceived, or if her dependent status and vulnerability has been abused in order to subject her to exploitation. Furthermore, the recent EU directive on THB (2011/36/EU) recognizes the gender dimension and it encourages Member States to be more aware of the less investigated forms of THB such as labour exploitation. The new strategy on THB (The EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings 2012-2016) is a critical tool in assisting the Member States to implement the Directive, and both documents pay special attention to THB for labour exploitation. Details: Nicosia, Cyprus: University of Nicosia Press, 2015. 175p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 13, 2016 at: http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/here5.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/here5.pdf Shelf Number: 137562 Keywords: Domestic Workers, Abuse of Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation Migrants

Author: Title: ICE and USCIS Could Improve Data Quality and Exchange to Help Identify Potential Human Trafficking Cases Summary: Although January is National Slavery and Human Trafficking Prevention Month, the month kicked off with a startling report revealing that human traffickers are exploiting the US visa process to smuggle victims into the country. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and US Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) data from 2005 to 2014 indicates that work and fiance visas were the predominant means by which more than half of the human traffickers known to federal law enforcement legally smuggled victims into the United States, according to an audit by the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) Office of the Inspector General (IG). The IG also determined that 274 subjects of ICE human trafficking investigations successfully petitioned USCIS to bring 425 family members and fiances into the United States. ICE could not say exactly how many visa petitioners were human traffickers; however, 18 of the 274 had been arrested for trafficking-related crimes, including sex trafficking, labor trafficking, peonage, and involuntary servitude. The IG's report explained that fiance visas are used to lure human trafficking victims to the US as part of marriage fraud schemes. The traffickers confiscate the victims' passports and often subject them to psychological and physical abuse, such as forced sex and/or forced labor. The auditors determined that ICE and USCIS could improve data quality to better identify instances of human trafficking. Lack of communication between ICE and USCIS also created vulnerabilities in the visa process. "ICE had to extensively manipulate its system to provide us with reasonably reliable data for our data matching and analysis," the report stated. "USCIS did not always collect names and other identifiers of human traffickers that victims had provided in their T visa applications. Due to incomplete data, we were limited in our ability to match, analyze, and draw conclusions from the components' databases." The IG made three recommendations: Recommendation 1: Develop and implement procedures to capture the names and other identifying information on human traffickers found in victims' statements, which are submitted with T and U petitions, in USCIS information systems. Recommendation 2: Collaborate with ICE to institute a mutually acceptable procedure for transferring USCIS data on alleged human traffickers to ICE. Recommendation 3: Collaborate with USCIS to identify a mutually acceptable procedure for obtaining names and other identifying information on alleged human traffickers that is available in USCIS systems. ICE and USCIS concurred, saying they would address the IG's recommendations. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2016. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: OIG-16-17: Accessed January 25, 2016 at: https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2016/OIG-16-17-Jan16.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/2016/OIG-16-17-Jan16.pdf Shelf Number: 137658 Keywords: Customs Enforcement Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Immigration Enforcement Labor Trafficking Sex Trafficking

Author: Amnesty International Title: "This Is What We Die For": Human Rights Abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Power the Global Trade in Cobalt Summary: People around the world increasingly rely on rechargeable batteries to power their mobile phones, tablets, laptop computers, cameras and other portable electronic devices. Cobalt is a key component in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. This report documents the hazardous conditions in which artisanal miners mine cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where more than half of the world's total supply of cobalt comes from. Using basic hand tools, artisanal miners dig out rocks from tunnels deep underground, and accidents are common. Many children are involved in artisanal mining. Despite the serious and potentially fatal health effects of prolonged exposure to cobalt, adult and child miners work with cobalt for long periods without even the most basic protective equipment. This report is the first comprehensive account of how cobalt from the DRC's artisanal mines enters the supply chain of many of the world's leading brands. It highlights the failure of these companies to put in place due diligence measures to identify where the cobalt in their products comes from and the conditions in which it is extracted and traded. The government of the DRC must extend and enforce labour and safety protections for all artisanal miners and create more authorized artisanal mining areas. The government, along with companies involved, should ensure that children are removed from hazardous working conditions and address the children's educational and other needs. All governments should enact and enforce laws requiring corporate due diligence and public disclosure in relation to cobalt and other minerals. Details: London: AI, 2016. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 4, 2016 at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr62/3183/2016/en/ Year: 2016 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr62/3183/2016/en/ Shelf Number: 138032 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Mining

Author: Zervos, Eleni Title: The Invisible Crime: Sex Trafficking in Greece. An Analysis of the Structural Barriers and Vulnerability Victims Face in Seeking Protection Summary: Human trafficking remains one of the most pervasive and profitable organized criminal activities in the world. Generating $150 billion globally, it ranks as the third largest and fastest growing international crime, exploiting millions of people in the process. A criminal industry driven by market demands, its vast spread can be credited to its economic model as a low risk enterprise with immense financial gains. It ranges from both sexual and labor exploitation, to organ harvesting and, in some cases, forced begging and theft5. Of the 21 million people human trafficking victimizes, 11.4 million are women and girls while 9.5 million are men and boys. 33% are children7. The most common form of trafficking, accounting for 53% of all individuals trafficked, is sexual exploitation8 victimizing 4.1 million people9 with females making up an overwhelming majority of 97%. Unfortunately, given the illicit nature of these human rights violations, it is difficult to accurately assess the full scope of this crime and any data collected represents either only one portion of this large-scale issue or is based on estimates. When reviewing these statistics, it is also important to take into consideration that higher numbers of reported trafficking victims in one country do not necessarily signify higher actual numbers of victims, but might simply represent a more sophisticated means of data acquisition in that particular country. There are, however, global trends that can be identified when studying how human trafficking spreads throughout the world. While it is a crime with international reach, victims are often from impoverished countries with limited resources. Wealthier countries are generally where demand and exploitation is highest. In particular, human trafficking tends to thrive in countries where women's rights are devalued, and where women typically hold economically disadvantaged positions in comparison to their male counterparts. Trafficking is prevalent in conflict zones, both because they are intrinsically a context where the risk of exploitation is elevated, and because some members of local peacekeeping missions have been known to solicit sexual activity with trafficking victims themselves. Details: Athens: Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign policy, 2015. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 69/2015: Accessed March 4, 2016 at: http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/69_2015_-WORKING-PAPER-_Eleni-Zervos.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Greece URL: http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/69_2015_-WORKING-PAPER-_Eleni-Zervos.pdf Shelf Number: 138036 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Organized Crime Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: LeBaron, Genevieve Title: Forced labour in the global economy : beyond trafficking and slavery short course. Volume 2 Summary: There is a growing and sober awareness among international policymakers and within global civil society that human trafficking, slavery and forced labour are not anomalies perpetuated by a few 'bad apple' employers. Rather, such severe labour exploitation is an endemic feature of the contemporary global economy. This edited collection brings together some of the sharpest minds from the worlds of academia and activism to investigate and shed light on the root causes of this exploitation. Its essays analyse how business demand for forced labour manifests in certain industries, as well as how political and economic factors combine to generate a supply of workers vulnerable to abuse. Written in intelligent yet accessible prose, it represents a key resource for policy, activism and research. Details: (S.L.): Open Democracy, 2015. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 4, 2016 at: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38806/BTS-2-Global-Economy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/38806/BTS-2-Global-Economy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 138037 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Modern Slavery

Author: Ewins, James Title: Independent Review of the Overseas Domestic Workers Visa Summary: The government commissioned this review in March 2015 as part of its commitment to stop modern slavery in all its forms. James Ewins was asked to assess how far existing arrangements for the admission of overseas domestic workers are effective in protecting workers from abuse and exploitation, and to make recommendations. The government is carefully considering the report's recommendations and will announce its response in due course. Details: London: HM Government, 2015. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2016 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/486532/ODWV_Review_-_Final_Report__6_11_15_.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/486532/ODWV_Review_-_Final_Report__6_11_15_.pdf Shelf Number: 138227 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Slavery Illegal Immigrants

Author: Verite Title: A Verite Assessment of Recruitment Practices and Migrant Labor Conditions in Nestle's Thai Shrimp Supply Chain Summary: Seeking to better understand the risks of forced labor and human trafficking in the Thai seafood industry, Nestle contracted Verite to conduct a focused investigation of six production sites in Thailand - three shrimp farms (one in Mahachai and two in Surat Thani), two ports of origin (Ranong Fish Port and Mahachai Fish Port), and one docked fishing boat (in Ranong Fish Port). These sites were identified by a third-party supply chain mapping consultant as being linked with the fishmeal (or fish feed) used as feed input in farms producing whole prawns for Nestle. Verite assessed these and a number of other worksites in the same supply chain. The three-month assessment focused on forced labor and trafficking risks in the recruitment, hiring, employment and living conditions of foreign migrant workers in the targeted vessel-to-marketplace shrimp and fishmeal supply chain of one of Nestle's key suppliers. The findings of this assessment are largely consistent with those of Verite's prior research and other assessment work in the Thai seafood sector, as well as with reporting done by media and other organizations. B. Key Findings Verite found indicators of forced labor, trafficking, and child labor to be present among sea-based and land-based workers engaged in the production sites covered by the assessment. - Workers interviewed by Verite had been subjected to deceptive recruitment practices that started in their home countries, transported to Thailand under inhumane conditions, charged excessive fees leading to debt bondage in some cases, exposed to exploitative and hazardous working conditions, and, at the time of assessment, were living under sub-par to degrading conditions. - Workers reported that they were not provided with adequate information about the terms of their work at the point of their recruitment and, often, the actual conditions of the work were severe, including excessive overtime, no days off, and few protections against working hazards. A few workers reported having been 'sold' to a boat captain or being transported by a broker to a port, with the only alternative to joining the crew being to buy back the contract. - Verite found few and typically inadequate mechanisms for age-verification of workers, and identified underage workers engaged in sea-based work. - Grievance mechanisms for sea-based workers and most land-based workers were largely absent, with little to no communication available to fishers while at sea. - Compounding these issues, workers often lacked appropriate documentation, which would have lent them some level of protection against threats of detention, deportation, and denunciation to the authorities. Even when workers did have appropriate documentation, withholding of passports and personal documents by employers was found to be a common practice. - Pay practices for sea-based workers often resulted in employers withholding workers' total pay. Workers had no means of verifying if they were receiving the wages owed them, and could not leave their employment without potentially facing financial penalties. - Workers also reported intimidation, harassment, and verbal and physical abuse. Freedom of movement was restricted for fishers even when not at sea. Land-based workers reported constant surveillance and intimidation by the local authorities. - Verite found the use of an illegal substance among workers on fishing boats to be rampant; supervisors/crew leaders were fully aware but did not restrict use, as the substance kept workers awake and able to perform long work hours. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016? 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2016 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/NestleReport-ThaiShrimp_prepared-by-Verite.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/NestleReport-ThaiShrimp_prepared-by-Verite.pdf Shelf Number: 138352 Keywords: Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrant Labor

Author: Verite Title: Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains. Research on Risk in 43 Commodities Worldwide Summary: This report presents narratives on 43 of the world's most important primary commodities. To produce these reports for each primary commodity, a multitude of data was assembled on global production and trade patterns (principal countries of production and consumption, and export-import data for key producers, importers, and the United States), reports of forced labor and/or child labor associated with the commodity, and the names of any countries in which trafficking-related problems have been reported in association with the commodity. Using the general information assembled as a starting point, each key commodity was then researched in depth, with the findings compiled into comprehensive commodity analyses. Thus, each individual commodity report provides background on the production patterns and labor practices involved in the specific industry in question. Each report also describes the connection, if any, between the commodity and forced labor and/or child labor. When available, case studies are provided of documented instances of human trafficking in the industry. The following reports also describe the structure of the supply chain for each commodity and any links to other supply chains for which the commodity is a key input, and review any government or industry initiatives that exist to reduce human trafficking in conjunction with the commodity in question. In the case of some commodities, no cases of human trafficking have been documented. In these commodity reports, efforts were made only to describe supply chain dynamics and general labor practices, to the degree that information was available. Therefore, these reports do not constitute a definitive list of commodities tainted by human trafficking. Given data limitations, it was necessary to examine other indicators, and one key indicator of risk that was used was the incidence of child labor. Child labor can vary considerably from sector to sector, country to country, and household to household, and it is not human trafficking per se. For these purposes, however, child labor may provide an indicator of risk for forced labor, given that the drivers for both may be similar, such as demand for cheap, exploitable, unskilled labor, poverty, unequal access to education, and exclusionary social attitudes based on caste, gender, immigration status, or ethnicity. That said, description of child labor risk in the commodity reports should not be used exclusively to evaluate the risk of trafficking in a supply chain, but should instead be understood as providing additional context. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016. 206p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2016 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Verite-CommodityReports-2016%200229.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Verite-CommodityReports-2016%200229.pdf Shelf Number: 138377 Keywords: Child Labor Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Supply Chains

Author: Nolan, Brittany Title: A Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking? The Trafficking of Women for Forced Labour in the European Union and the United Kingdom Summary: Human trafficking is a prominent human rights issue that on a regional and national level brings together elements of criminal justice, immigration affairs, and human rights. Trafficking for forced labour in particular is a form of exploitation that removes a victim's freedom and dignity, as they are used for their labour and not valued as a human being. The actual extent of human trafficking on its own is difficult to measure, however the ILO estimates there may be as many as 20.9 million people held in forced labour worldwide. This research evaluates whether the European Union (EU) and United Kingdom (UK) implement a human rights-based approach (HRBA) in their policies and legislation covering human trafficking for forced labour. A HRBA is discussed as a human rights framework that includes the empowerment of the trafficking victim, adherence to normative trafficking conventions set by international organisations, and by the extend a criminal justice approach is lessened, in favour of a more human rights-based one. This thesis analyses EU policy, such as the 2002 and 2011 directives on trafficking in human beings, as well as UK government strategies and legislation. The EU has made substantial progress in using a HRBA throughout their policies since 2002, notably in their 2011 and 2012 directives. They increasingly offer minimum standards and provisions of victim support and assistance, taking into consideration potential cross-cultural barriers. They increasingly use the term victim-centred in their reports on human rights, and overall have improved in using a HRBA. The UK has also made progress in incorporating a HRBA in their policies, although they continue to focus heavily on trafficking as a crime that needs a stronger criminal justice response. The creation of a draft Modern Slavery Bill has given the UK a chance to incorporate a HRBA more strongly in their legislation; however they did not use this opportunity fully. The UK also continues to focus on trafficking as an immigration issue, and is unwilling to align itself with all EU policy on trafficking if it has an obligation to provide residence permits to victims. Until the UK can move away from focusing on immigration and criminal aspects of human trafficking, the victim will remain a less prominent part of the trafficking story. Details: Canterbury, UNZ: National Centre for Research on Europe, University of Canterbury, 2015. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed April 1, 2016 at: http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/11813/Nolan%2c%20Brittany_Final%20Masters%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/11813/Nolan%2c%20Brittany_Final%20Masters%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 138518 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking

Author: Oosterhoff, Pauline Title: Using Participatory Statistics to Examine the Impact of Interventions to Eradicate Slavery: Lessons from the Field Summary: This CDI Practice Paper reflects on the use of participatory statistics to assess the impact of interventions to eradicate slavery and bonded labour. It deals with: (1) the challenges of estimating changes in the magnitude of various forms of slavery; (2) the potential of combining participatory approaches with statistical principles to generate robust data for assessing impact of slavery eradication; and (3) the practical and ethical questions in relation to working with people living within a context of modern slavery. The paper draws lessons from the realities of using participatory statistics to support the evaluation of a slavery eradication programme in North India. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Develoipment Studies, Centre for Development Impact, 2016. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Practice Paper no. 16: Accessed April 1, 2016 at: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/9582/CDIPracticePaper_16.pdf?sequence=5 Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/9582/CDIPracticePaper_16.pdf?sequence=5 Shelf Number: 138519 Keywords: Bonded Labor Bonded Labour Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Verite Title: An Exploratory Study on the Role of Corruption in International Labor Migration Summary: In the 2013 white paper, "Corruption and Labor Trafficking in Global Supply Chains," Verite detailed how fraud, corruption, bribery, and other illegal practices are common features of the international recruitment of migrant workers. The myriad official approvals, documents, and associated fees - foreign worker quotas, job order attestations, exit and guest worker visas, medical certifications, police clearances, work permits etc. - required to deploy a migrant worker from one country to another mean the opportunities and incentives for employers and their recruitment agents to bribe civil servants have become a structural feature of the international labor migration process. Since recruitment agents and employers ultimately transfer most, if not all, of the upfront costs of employment to foreign migrant workers, both of these forms of recruitment-related corruption directly contribute to the excessive and illegal fee burdens frequently faced by migrant workers. In this way corruption is a significant contributing element to migrant worker vulnerability to debt bondage, human trafficking, and forced labor. Further, Verite and others have pointed out that the corrupt activities all too common in migrant worker recruitment also create potential legal risk for companies under origin and destination country laws as well as extraterritorial anti-corruption statutes such as the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the UK Bribery Act (UKBA). Because multinationals can be liable for the acts of their foreign subsidiaries, franchisees, joint venture entities, and even suppliers that use third party employment agencies under a number of legal theories including traditional agency principles, the risk arises where corrupt payments result in a direct or indirect benefit to an employer - an improper advantage - through cheap migrant labor or the avoidance of the upfront costs of employment. Ironically, these many procedures and requirements that are so vulnerable to corruption were often put in place to protect workers and ensure regular process in the highly complex governance of international migration. The governments' responsibilities to protect the labor and human rights for migrants and to regulate a growing, dynamic private recruitment sector are not in question. Nor is the fact that legitimate private labor recruiters can play an important role in connecting workers with much-needed jobs; indeed, good recruiters are seeking to reform and reinvent the system. There is a flurry of efforts underway by governments, unions, civil society organizations, recruiters, employers, and international institutions like the ILO and IOM to reform the systems in place. Yet, even as reform efforts proceed apace, as this report outlines, "pay-to-play" kickback commissions and other corruption payments are all too common in the migration process; understanding the nature and extent of those payments is vital to reforming the process. Indeed, the lack of deep knowledge of the role of corruption in the process is a very real threat to the success of reform efforts. With new policies and procedures being proposed or enacted every month in countries around the world, it is vital that deeper understanding is achieved of the nature and extent of corruption. Corruption occurs for many reasons and eliminating controls and processes because corruption is attached to them is by no means the proper approach. Reform efforts themselves will generate unintended consequences in terms of corruption risk and new costs and threats to migrants. Hence, much humility and patience are called for as a wide range of institutions globally promote new models to protect workers. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2016 at: https://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Verite-Report-Intl-Labour-Recruitment_0.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Verite-Report-Intl-Labour-Recruitment_0.pdf Shelf Number: 138606 Keywords: Bribery Corruption Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrant Workers Migrants

Author: Europol Title: Migrant Smuggling in the EU Summary: Europe has seen an unprecedented increase in the number of irregular migrants arriving in the European Union since 2014. The scale of these migratory flows reached previously unseen heights in 2015. This trend of exponentially increasing numbers of migrants arriving in the EU is set to continue in 2016. In 2015, more than one million migrants reached the EU. This development has had a profound impact on Europe's criminal landscape. Criminal networks have quickly adapted to this development and substantially increased their involvement in migrant smuggling. More than 90% of the migrants travelling to the EU used facilitation services. In most cases, these services were offered and provided by criminal groups. A large number of criminal networks as well as individual criminal entrepreneurs now generate substantial profits from migrant smuggling. Criminal networks exploit the desperation and vulnerability of migrants. They offer a broad range of facilitation services such as the provision of transportation, accommodation and fraudulent documents at excessively high prices. In many cases, irregular migrants are forced to pay for these services by means of illegal labour. The scale of this exploitation is set to further increase in 2016. In 2015 alone, criminal networks involved in migrant smuggling are estimated to have had a turnover of between EUR 3 -6 billion. This turnover is set to double or triple if the scale of the current migration crisis persists in the upcoming year. Migrant smuggling to and within the EU is a highly attractive business for criminal networks and has grown significantly in 2015. As the fastest growing criminal market in Europe and other regions, this trend is set to continue in 2016. In tackling the sophisticated international and European migrant smuggling networks generating enormous profits, law enforcement authorities face a significant challenge over the coming years. Details: The Hague: EUROPOL, 2016. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2016 at: https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/migrant-smuggling-eu Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/migrant-smuggling-eu Shelf Number: 138619 Keywords: Criminal Networks Forced Labor Human Smuggling Illegal Migrants Migrants Organized Crime

Author: Canadian Council for Refugees Title: Migrant Workers: Precarious and unsupported. A Canada-wide Study on Access to Services for Migrant Workers Summary: The report, "Migrant Workers: Precarious and Unsupported", released today by Canada's nine national, regional and provincial umbrellas of organizations serving newcomers, compiles the responses from 167 organizations on the needs and realities of migrant workers, by province and region.. In the first research of its kind, the Canada-wide study on access to services for migrant workers confirms that lack of access to information, language barriers, isolation and precarious status make these workers vulnerable to abuse and exploitation by those who seek to take advantage of their vulnerability, including some employers and recruiters. Details: Montreal: Canadian Council for Refugees, 2016. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 13, 2016 at: http://ccrweb.ca/sites/ccrweb.ca/files/migrant-workers-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Canada URL: http://ccrweb.ca/sites/ccrweb.ca/files/migrant-workers-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 138657 Keywords: Forced Labor Migrant Workers Refugees

Author: Smales, Philippa Title: The New Slave in the Kitchen: Debt Bondage and Women Migrant Domesstic Workers in Asia Summary: Despite the outlawing of slavery in every country for at least 30 years, 'contemporary' forms of slavery are happening in kitchens and households around the world, enabled by 'debt bondage'. Through debt, women are effectively owned by powerful recruitment agencies rather than directly by employers. While the ILO recently recognised domestic work as work, the attention to women domestic workers is needed as they are largely excluded from protection of labour laws. This report is a useful study of domestic workers in the region, and discussion of how governments and other institutions can better deal with this resuming form of slavery. Details: Chiang Mai, Thailand: Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD), 2012. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 13, 2016 at: http://apwld.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/New-Slave-in-the-Kitchen-Debt-Bondage.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Asia URL: http://apwld.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/New-Slave-in-the-Kitchen-Debt-Bondage.pdf Shelf Number: 138661 Keywords: Debt Bondage Domestic Workers Forced Labor Migrant Workers Modern Slavery

Author: Justice Acts New Zealand Title: Protecting the Vulnerable: An Independent Review of NZ's laws on trafficking, slavery & exploitation Summary: This is a legal review of all laws touching on the issue of human trafficking, slavery and labour exploitation in New Zealand. It makes recommendations for legislative and policy changes as well as setting out all major, known, cases of human trafficking since 1999. Details: Greenlane, Auckland, NZ: Justice Acts New Zealand, 2014. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2016 at: http://www.communityresearch.org.nz/research/protecting-the-vulnerable-an-independent-review-of-nzs-laws-on-trafficking-slavery-exploitation/ Year: 2014 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.communityresearch.org.nz/research/protecting-the-vulnerable-an-independent-review-of-nzs-laws-on-trafficking-slavery-exploitation/ Shelf Number: 138892 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Lisborg, Anders Title: Going Back, Moving On: A synthesis report of the trends and experiences of returned trafficking victims in Thailand and the Philippines Summary: This report examines the experiences and challenges the women faced both overseas and upon their return. It examines the physical and psychological conditions of the women, their concerns and aspirations before leaving and upon return, and the way they coped with reunification with the family. The report suggests ways to improve the quality and effectiveness of reintegration assistance at various levels. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Labour Organization, 2009. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2016 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_116030.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Asia URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_116030.pdf Shelf Number: 138930 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrants

Author: Wilkinson, Mick Title: Forced labour in the UK and the Gangmasters Licensing Authority Summary: Migration and trafficking for forced labour has been fuelled over the past decade by global inequalities and by poverty, conflict and environmental degradation in developing countries. The process has been encouraged by the increase in demand by employers for low-cost, "flexible' labour in the increasingly free-market economies of developed countries, and by consumer demand for cheap goods and services. There is a demand in the UK for cheap, mobile, flexible labour across a range of sectors, including care, construction, cleaning, hospitality and catering, and food production. Surveys have consistently found that UK employers prefer to employ migrant workers, because they consider them to be hard-working and reliable, and willing to work unsociable hours. Many businesses now depend upon them, as do entire sectors of the economy - both private and public. Studies sponsored by the Home Office, the International Organisation for Migration, the Institute for Public Policy Research, and the Royal Society for Arts have all argued a net benefit to the UK economy of the order of $2bn-$3bn per annum. Such are the benefits to British industry, that the-then Director-General of the CBI, Sir Digby Jones, called in April 2005 for the government to resist any thoughts of a cap on immigration, arguing that every one per cent increase in immigration generated a 1.5 per cent increase in national wealth. He added: If it was not for immigrant labour, especially in leisure, in tourism, in agriculture, in construction, then frankly many of our businesses would not have the workers we need.- The so-called "demographic time bomb" both in the UK and other western European countries, with ageing populations, means that those active in the labour market represent a diminishing proportion of the workforce and those beyond retirement age constitute a growing proportion. The implications for the dependency ratio of economically inactive to economically active people are clear, and this is reflected in an increasing dependence on migrant workers. In short, the UK needs migrant workers. In order to meet that demand, over the past two decades UK governments have developed a programme of "managed migration". This actively encourages the flow of temporary migration in the interests of the UK economy, by expanding existing temporary worker schemes and adding new programmes. As a result, the number of work permits issued to foreign-born workers rose from 40,000 a year in the mid-1990s to over 200,000 a year in 2004. That process culminated with the Worker Registration Scheme in 2004, to facilitate the arrival of A8 Accession state nationals. Alongside this, since the early 1980s there has been a drive, across the major Western economies, to reduce business regulation to a minimum. UK governments have played a very significant role in this, both at home and in Europe. In 1973, the UK government introduced the Employment Agencies Act, under which all labour providers had to register and comply with legal standards. However, under the Conservative government of John Major, a more liberal labour policy introduced the Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994, through which the system of agency licensing was abolished and action against exploiters became primarily dependent upon the complaints of victims. In June 2008, a research team led by Dr Mick Wilkinson at the Contemporary Slavery Research Centre, the Wilberforce Institute, Hull University, was commissioned by Oxfam to conduct an independent evaluation of the GLA and the Act. Their remit was to: Review the operation of the GLA and Act; Assess the strengths and shortcomings of both in protecting the employment rights and wider rights (eg. to safe housing) of migrant and other vulnerable workers; and Make recommendations on how the Act could be strengthened and extended and the Authority improved to protect migrant and vulnerable workers more effectively. Details: Hull, UK: Contemporary Slavery Research Centre (CSRC), The Wilberforce Institute, University of Hull, 2010. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2016 at: http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/pdf/WPGLAreport.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www2.hull.ac.uk/fass/pdf/WPGLAreport.pdf Shelf Number: 138949 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Migrant Labor Migrants

Author: Ricard-Guay, Alexandra Title: Trafficking in Domestic Work: Looking at the Demand-Side Summary: Domestic work is a sector of the economy particularly vulnerable to abusive and exploitative practices and is an area thought to be at high risk of hidden trafficking in human beings. Yet trafficking in domestic work remains poorly defined and the multiple drivers of demand in this context are difficult to differentiate. This fifth DemandAT working paper aims to provide a framework for research that captures some of the specificities of work in a domestic setting. This will provide common ground for the series of country studies that are to follow. Details: Vienna: Demand-Side Measures Against Trafficking, 2016. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Working Paper No. 5: Accessed May 11, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/WP5_RicardGuay_Mar2016_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/WP5_RicardGuay_Mar2016_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 139004 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime Title: Understanding Illicit Trade: Impact of Human Trafficking and Smuggling on the Private Sector Summary: Around the globe, an estimated 20.9 million people are in situations of so-called modern day slavery, or forced labour, at any point of time. Many of these victims are trafficked within their country or across borders. Considering this number, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of criminal activities in the area of human trafficking and exploitation, the difficulties to track perpetrators and protect victims. The individual criminals and complex networks behind different forms of trafficking and exploitation as well as the high level of profits connected to their illicit activities stress the need to consider human trafficking and exploitation in terms of transnational organised crime. Drawn from a series of webinars hosted by the Global Initiative and Babson College in 2014-15, this report highlights emerging human trafficking challenges and identifies promising anti-trafficking initiatives from the private sector. Each chapter of the report covers one of five key areas of human trafficking: - Migrant workers in the USA and their vulnerability to labour exploitation - Online sexual exploitation of children and recent technological developments in detecting this form of crime - Human trafficking in football, particularly in the area of recruitment of young athletes - Labour exploitation and the construction industry, using the example of the kafala system in the Gulf countries to highlight flawed national regulation putting migrant works at risk of being trafficked and exploited - Responding to the global black market in illicit organs and the intrinsic role the private sector has played in enabling this illicit business Whilst each chapter clearly shows the organised criminal networks behind the different forms of trafficking and exploitation, there are significant differences in the types of crimes and their individual complexities. It is, therefore, crucial to deepen the research into each of the areas and to develop individual responses and strategies private sectors can apply to counter criminal networks across the globe. The report finds that the private sector needs to play a stronger role in ensuring ethical and fair practices, and to contribute its unique knowledge and expertise to help in the fight against human trafficking. Overall, he private sector is an increasingly important actor in enabling as well as in combating the different aspects of human trafficking. Details: Geneva, SWIT: The Initiative, 2016. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2016 at: http://www.globalinitiative.net/download/global-initiative/Understanding%20Illicit%20Trade_06.05.16(1).pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.globalinitiative.net/download/global-initiative/Understanding%20Illicit%20Trade_06.05.16(1).pdf Shelf Number: 139069 Keywords: Forced labor Human Smuggling Human Trafficking Illicit Trade Organized Crime Trafficking in Organs

Author: Verite Title: Labor and Human Rights Risk Analysis of Ecuador's Palm Oil Sector Summary: This report is another important contribution to the literature on human and labor rights risks in palm oil production globally. Thus far, there has been very little research on conditions in palm oil production in Ecuador, Latin America's largest producer. Research carried out by Verite and REACH (Research-Education-Action-Change) found a number of risks including indicators of forced labor, unethical recruitment and hiring practices, wage and hour violations, child labor, discrimination against women and minorities, environmental damage, and displacement. Verite found that several factors heightened workers' vulnerability, including competition for a limited number of jobs, the involvement of labor brokers in the recruitment and management of workers, and the displacement of Colombian refugees who are forced to migrate to Ecuador, where the palm oil sector constitutes one of the only sources of employment available to them outside of illegal activities. Verite found that Colombian immigrants, including undocumented immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers, are extremely vulnerable to labor and human rights abuses, especially in Esmeraldas, the province with by far the highest number of Colombian immigrants and the highest rate of African palm cultivation. Approximately 1,000 Colombians flee each month from violence in Colombia, which had the second highest rate of displacement in the world after Syria, to Ecuador, which is by far the country with the largest number of Colombian refugees. These immigrants faced discrimination and threats of deportation, constraining their ability to protest unfair labor conditions and making them especially vulnerable to exploitation. Verite research detected a large number of indicators of forced labor, including indicators of unfree recruitment, work and life under duress, and impossibility of leaving employers, especially among Colombian immigrants. Verite's research also uncovered additional problems faced by palm workers. These risks included wage, benefit, and working hour violations; child labor; discrimination against women, indigenous people, and people of African descent; health and safety risks; poor housing; environmental damage; harm to indigenous communities; and inadequate grievance mechanisms. For more information, along with recommendations for action, please see our in-depth report on Labor and Human Rights Risks in Ecuador's Palm Oil Sector. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2016 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/Risk%20Analysis%20of%20Ecuador%20Palm%20Oil%20Sector-final%20draft.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Ecuador URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/Risk%20Analysis%20of%20Ecuador%20Palm%20Oil%20Sector-final%20draft.pdf Shelf Number: 139262 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Human Rights Immigrant labor Labor Exploitation

Author: Danzer, Alexander M. Title: Coerced Labor in the Cotton Sector: How Global Commodity Prices (Don't) Transmit to the Poor Summary: This paper investigates the economic fortunes of coerced vs. free workers in a global supply chain. To identify the differential treatment of otherwise similar workers we resort to a unique exogenous labor demand shock that affects wages in voluntary and involuntary labor relations differently. We identify the wage pass-through by capitalizing on Tajikistan's geographic variation in the suitability for cotton production combined with a surge in the world market price of cotton in 2010/11 in two types of firms: randomly privatized small farms and not yet privatized parastatal farms, the latter of which command political capital to coerce workers. The expansion in land attributed to cotton production led to increases in labor demand and wages for cotton pickers; however, the price hike benefits only workers on entrepreneurial private farms, whereas coerced workers of parastatal enterprises miss out. The results provide evidence for the political economy of labor coercion and for the dependence of the economic lives of many poor on the competitive structure of local labor markets. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2016. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper no. 9971: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9971.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Tajikistan URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp9971.pdf Shelf Number: 139316 Keywords: Forced Labor Labor Practices Poverty

Author: Hofmeister, Wilhelm Title: Trafficking in Human Beings: learning from Asian and European Experiences Summary: Trafficking in human beings is a strong violation of basic rights and a severe transnational organized crime. But human trafficking is also a highly profitable business in both Europe and Asia. People can be trafficked for different purposes, including sexual exploitation, labour exploitation, organ smuggling and as brides/grooms. Victims of this crime are highly vulnerable and are often coerced by the traffickers through threats to harm their family members, to abuse them or to sell them. At the same, the victims are granted hardly any rights in the destination countries and cooperation with the police is limited due to fear or the fact that the police might be corrupt and involved in the crime as well. Conservative estimates by the International Labour Organization (ILO) indicate around 20.9 million persons in situations of forced labour in 2012. This does not include people being trafficked for organ removal, forced marriage or adoption. More than 50 percent of these people originated from countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The actual numbers of identified victims and convicted traffickers is only a very small percentage of this estimate. This highlights the two key challenges in combating human trafficking - victims identification and prosecution of traffickers. Details: Singapore : Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung [and] East Asian Institute [and] European Policy Centre [and] European Union Centre in Singapore, 2014. 150p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2016 at: http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_40567-1522-2-30.pdf?150227075526 Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_40567-1522-2-30.pdf?150227075526 Shelf Number: 139589 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Irregular Immigration Organized Crime

Author: Maroukis, Thanos Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in the United Kingdom Summary: The British government has taken several important legislative steps in addressing THB, the modern slavery bill being the most recent one. At the same time, it has adopted a number of policies that contradict the implementation of a public policy intent at criminalising and stopping THB. The change of the overseas domestic worker visa rules putting newly arrived domestic workers in a very vulnerable position as regards their employment is a case in point. The UK also remains a country with a largely unregulated domestic work sector and without a Labour Inspectorate agency overseeing the activities of employers and businesses across the sectors of the British economy. The evidence collected in this study suggests that the main obstacles to prevent exploitative situations within the domestic work industry are: a) the strict immigration rules and political priorities of law enforcement agencies, b) the involvement of the State in the organisation and regulation of the domestic work labour market, and c) the state of the welfare regime protecting families and offering vulnerable individuals access to the rule of law. These are the structural reasons that lie behind the failure to protect domestic workers and deter abusive behaviour on the part of employers in the UK. The study's findings on national law-cases also demonstrate that the kind of work relationship established in domestic work aggravates the vulnerability of the workers and the sense of impunity on the part of the employers Details: Vienna: ICMPD, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Country Study No. 7: Accessed August, 1, 2016 at: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41930/DemandAT_CountryStudies_2016_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41930/DemandAT_CountryStudies_2016_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 139908 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Palumbo, Letizia Title: Trafficking and Labour Exploitation in Domestic Work and the Agricultural Sector in Italy Summary: In Italy, as in many European countries, agriculture and domestic work are sectors characterised by high levels of irregular work without contract and with no respect of minimum pay, humane living conditions or access to basic services. Generalised informality however sometimes leads to cases of sever exploitation and outright human trafficking. This report focuses on the conditions that can lead from irregular work to abuse and trafficking in agriculture and domestic work - we question the cultural and economic aspects that make such situations possible. We also review the relevant legislation punishing exploiters and protecting victims with a view of identifying existing gaps and make suggestions for improvement. Indeed while the Italian legal framework is particularly progressive as regards the assistance and protection of victims of trafficking and severe exploit ation, related legal practices and implementation of policies on the ground suffer from several shortcomings. For instance, the implementation of Article 18 of Legislative Decree No. 286/1998, which provides victims of exploitation and trafficking with spe cial protection and assistance as well as with a residence permit for humanitarian reasons, has been arbitrary and inconsistent throughout the country, especially in cases of labour exploitation. In addition, Italy has inadequately transposed into national law Directive 2011/36/EU on trafficking and lacks a comprehensive law on labour exploitation. In recent years anti -trafficking interventions have not been a priority and programmes for assistance of victims of trafficking and severe exploitation have been under -funded. There is no effective system of data collection on the victims participating in these programmes; the national plan against trafficking has been adopted only recently (February 2016) after a severe delay of more than one year with respect to the established deadline; there is a lack of structured campaigns against t rafficking and serious exploitation. This report stresses the need for an integrated and comprehensive approach to trafficking and labour exploitation in agriculture and domestic w ork and makes specific recommendations for each of the two sectors. Details: Italy: European University Institute, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/42406/GGP_TRAFFICKO_2016_EN.pdf?sequence=3 Year: 2016 Country: Italy URL: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/42406/GGP_TRAFFICKO_2016_EN.pdf?sequence=3 Shelf Number: 139910 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation

Author: Palumbo, Letizia Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in Italy Summary: Notwithstanding significant demand for domestic workers in Europe, sub-standard conditions and informal work-arrangement persist. Despite various national contexts and policies, this labour sector mostly composed of migrant women still face vulnerability to abuses, exploitation, as well as trafficking. Informal work arrangement still prevails. A new study on trafficking in domestic work brings visibility and new data on this under-researched and hidden phenomenon happening in Europe. This study examines the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work in Italy in its multiple facets (diplomatic household, domestic worker visa regime, aupair, child fostering, etc.). It is part of a series of studies conducted in 7 European countries, from southern, central and northern Europe: Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands and the UK. Looking at the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work brings back at the core of the discussion: the private nature of the employer/employee relationship which often escapes regulation, monitoring and sanctioning. Domestic work is still largely undervalued and hardly perceived as 'real' form of work. Details: Vienna: ICMPD, 2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Country Study No. 5: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_5_Italy_Palumbo.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Italy URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_5_Italy_Palumbo.pdf Shelf Number: 139912 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Volder, Eefje de Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in the Domestic Work Sector in the Netherlands Summary: Notwithstanding significant demand for domestic workers in Europe, sub-standard conditions and informal work-arrangement persist. Despite various national contexts and policies, this labour sector mostly composed of migrant women still face vulnerability to abuses, exploitation, as well as trafficking. Informal work arrangement still prevails. A new study on trafficking in domestic work brings visibility and new data on this under-researched and hidden phenomenon happening in Europe. This study examines the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work in the Netherlands in its multiple facets (diplomatic household, domestic worker visa regime, au pair, child fostering, etc.). It is part of a series of studies conducted in 7 European countries, from southern, central and northern Europe: Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands and the UK. Looking at the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work brings back at the core of the discussion: the private nature of the employer/employee relationship which often escapes regulation, monitoring and sanctioning. Domestic work is still largely undervalued and hardly perceived as 'real' form of work. Details: Vienna: ICMPD,2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Demand AT Country Study No. 6: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_6_Netherlands_deVolder_0.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_6_Netherlands_deVolder_0.pdf Shelf Number: 139913 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Angeli, Danai Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in Cyprus Summary: Notwithstanding significant demand for domestic workers in Europe, sub-standard conditions and informal work-arrangement persist. Despite various national contexts and policies, this labour sector mostly composed of migrant women still face vulnerability to abuses, exploitation, as well as trafficking. Informal work arrangement still prevails. A new study on trafficking in domestic work brings visibility and new data on this under-researched and hidden phenomenon happening in Europe. This study examines the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work in Cyprus in its multiple facets (diplomatic household, domestic worker visa regime, aupair, child fostering, etc.). It is part of a series of studies conducted in 7 European countries, from southern, central and northern Europe: Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands and the UK. Looking at the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work brings back at the core of the discussion: the private nature of the employer/employee relationship which often escapes regulation, monitoring and sanctioning. Domestic work is still largely undervalued and hardly perceived as 'real' form of work. Details: Vienna: ICMPD, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Country Study No. 2: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_2_Cyprus_Angeli.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Cyprus URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_2_Cyprus_Angeli.pdf Shelf Number: 139914 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Camargo Magalhaes, Beatriz Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in Belgium Summary: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in Belgium Beatriz Camargo Magalhaes June 2016 DemandAT Country Study No.1 Summary : Belgian anti -THB policy is often pointed as exemplary given its broad definition of the crime of trafficking for labour exploitation, as being the work or service carried out in conditions contrary to human dignity, in which the coercion element is not compulsory. However, hardly any policy initiatives in Belgium tackle specifically demand- side aspects in labour exploitation and THB in the domestic work sector. Recent policy changes in the domain of domestic work at diplomatic households and the formalisation of live -out domestic work with a service voucher policy have positive effects on the sector. Undocumented domestic workers in the shadow market and possibly regular migrants under temporary work permits are, though, still largely unprotected. The main obstacles to prevent exploitative situations within the sector are the migration and employment policies applying to domestic work. Indeed, this paper argues that when migrant workers are without the possibility to regularise their migration status maintain them in a vulnerable situation: migration status is a key issue for giving people the real possibility to access and defend their rights. Only the full respect of (all) workers' rights will reduce their vulnerability to labour exploitation and trafficking. Details: Vienna: ICMPD, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Country Study No. 1: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_1_Belgium_Camargo.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Belgium URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_1_Belgium_Camargo.pdf Shelf Number: 139915 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Levy, Florence Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in France Summary: The fight against trafficking in human beings (THB) is now part of the French political agenda. Yet the priority is given to the fight against sexual exploitation while labour exploitation is still regarded as a minor phenomenon. The particular issue of exploitation in domestic work has not been considered on its own even if France has been condemned twice by the European Court of Human Rights for failing to protect victims in two cases of exploitation in domestic work. Since then, the law has been amended, and we have to wait until we can assess the effectivity of this new legal framework. The issue of demand remains a blind spot in terms of how THB is understood. The public declarations of government's commitment to the fight against THB provide a contrast with the low number of convictions actually brought down by the courts. The research highlights the difficulties faced by labor inspectorates and legal actors in establishing cases of THB in domestic work. This is linked with the characteristic of this work sector, but also with confusions in the understanding of what is THB, what are the victims and perpetrators profiles and the tensions between the fight against illegal immigration and the mission to protect victims of THB. Details: Vienna; ICMPD, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Country Study No. 3: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41926/DemandAT_CountryStudies_2016_03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: France URL: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41926/DemandAT_CountryStudies_2016_03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 139931 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Robinson, Courtland Title: Anti-Human Trafficking in Thailand: A Stakeholder Analysis of Thai Government Efforts, the U.S. TIP Report and Rankings, and Recommendations for Action Summary: The goal of this study was to conduct an assessment of Thailand's initiatives to counter human trafficking in the last five years, through a review of documents and key informant interviews (KIIs) with a range of experts, including officials from the Royal Thai Government (RTG) and U.S. Government (USG), non - governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations (IOs), and academic institutions (ACA). This study also included an assessment of the methodology used by the U.S. Department of State's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (TIP Office) to rank foreign country efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. The study was supported by a research grant from the Royal Thai Embassy in Washington, D.C. which commissioned the services of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (JHSPH), Center for Refugee and Disaster Response, to assess Thailand's anti - trafficking activities and to assess the methodologies used in the TIP country rankings and to make recommendations for improving empirical measurement of human trafficking and documentation of anti - trafficking efforts. The specific objectives of this study were as follows: - Objective 1: To conduct a documents review of relevant research, policy and other documents related to human trafficking in Thailand, including reports by UN and international organizations, non - governmental organizations (NGOs), Thailand Government reports, and U.S. Government reports, including the annual Trafficking in Persons (T IP) Reports . - Objective 2: To conduct key informant interviews (KIIs) with individuals who are knowledgeable about Thailand's anti - trafficking initiatives and/or the TIP Reports - analysis and ranking methodologies. These included Thai and U.S. Government of ficials, international and non - governmental organizations, and academics. Each was invited to offer professional perspectives on the Thai Government's efforts to combat trafficking in persons and the TIP Report country assessments and rankings. - Objective 3 : To utilize the documents review and results of the de - identified key informant interviews to produce a report to be shared with Thai and U.S. government agencies and with the broader public to recommend improvements in Thailand's anti - trafficking initiatives as well as approaches for empirical measurement of human trafficking and documentation of anti - trafficking efforts. Details: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2016. 187p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 2, 2016 at: http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/center-for-refugee-and-disaster-response/Anti-Trafficking-in-Thailand-30Jun2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/center-for-refugee-and-disaster-response/Anti-Trafficking-in-Thailand-30Jun2016.pdf Shelf Number: 139941 Keywords: Anti-Human Trafficking Forced Labor Human Sexual Exploitation Human Trafficking

Author: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Title: Labour Exploitation, Trafficking and Migrant Health: Multi-country Findings on Health Risks and Consequences of Migrant and Trafficked Workers Summary: Global assessments suggest that a substantial proportion of labour migrants ends up in situations of extreme exploitation, some of whom are identified as victims of human trafficking. Because large numbers of migrant workers fall into a "grey area" between trafficking (as defined by international and national law) and exploitative labour situations, there is good reason to explore the differences and similarities between the health needs of those who have been identified as trafficked compared to other migrants working in the same labour sector who have not. It is urgent to understand present-day occupational health and safety risks, forms of abuse and exploitation in different sectors and common hazardous working and living conditions to improve prevention and response strategies. This is among the first studies to explore and compare the influence of occupational and other risk exposures on people's health and well-being and compare the experiences of migrant workers and victims of trafficking across sectors and regions. Our multiregion qualitative study on exploitation and harm experienced by individuals in the textile sector in Argentina, and artisanal gold-mining in Peru and construction sector in Kazakhstan, found important commonalities in the health hazards and financial, social and legal challenges across sectors and regions. In total, we interviewed 71 people; of these, 18 were formally identified victims of trafficking and 53 were migrant workers. Our research found that many of the abuses reported by victims of trafficking were also reported by numerous migrant workers who were not identified as victims of trafficking. Policymakers and programme staff need to look more carefully at what is happening to the larger population of people working in unregulated, informal sectors, because there are many similarities in the harm experienced by migrant workers and that experienced by identified victims of trafficking. We hope that future interventions will aim to include the larger populations of those who are in need of assistance. By making this broader investment, we will simultaneously protect against the most extreme abuses that we call modern slavery or human trafficking. Details: Geneva: International Organization for Migration, 2015. 184p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2016 at: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/labour_exploitation_trafficking_en.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/labour_exploitation_trafficking_en.pdf Shelf Number: 140042 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation Migrant Workers

Author: Verite Title: The Nexus of Illegal Gold Mining and Human Trafficking in Global Supply Chains: Lessons from Latin America Summary: Research carried out by Verite has found that Latin American countries export staggering amounts of illegally mined gold tied to human trafficking. This presents legal and reputational risks for major companies with gold in their supply chains. The paper, The Nexus of Illegal Gold Mining and Human Trafficking in Global Supply Chains, provides analysis of the risk of labor trafficking linked to illegal gold mining in Latin America, drawing upon in-depth field research carried out by Verite in Peru in 2012-2013 and in Colombia in 2015, and desk research carried out across the Latin American region. The diminishing supply and increasing demand for gold, combined with criminal and armed groups' quest for new sources of illicit revenue, have contributed to a surge in illegal extraction of gold from increasingly remote and lawless regions. Latin America is a vitally important player in the global gold trade, contributing 20 percent of the world's gold production in 2013. Latin American countries, along with Canada (which is a major conduit for Latin American gold), constitute all top ten exporters of gold to the United States. In several Latin American countries, unregulated illegal and informal mines account for over 75 percent of gold produced. In Peru and Colombia-the two largest cocaine producers in the world-the value of illegal gold exports has in recent years surpassed the value of cocaine exports, becoming the largest illicit export from these two countries. In Latin America, and elsewhere in the world, illegally mined gold is strongly linked to human trafficking and other labor abuses as these mines are usually located in areas with a weak presence of government authorities and a strong presence of armed and criminal groups. Verite's in-depth research in Peru found many other indicators of forced labor in illegal gold mining, all of which increase the risk of human trafficking. In Colombia, both men and women were found to be vulnerable to labor trafficking in mines controlled by armed and criminal groups. Small-scale artisanal miners, who should in no way be confused with the groups that control illegal mines, are also increasingly vulnerable to becoming victims of debt bondage, both because they are extorted by these groups and because some governments treat them as criminals rather than as potential victims. In addition, illegal gold mining is closely associated with child labor, severe threats to workers' health and safety, and sex trafficking. Child labor - including forced child labor-is common in illegal gold mining. While children are generally employed in peripheral services such as tire and motorcycle repair and stores, teenagers are employed in many of the most dangerous jobs in illegal gold mines, such as swimming in mercury-filled pools of water to suck up gold-laced sand with powerful hoses, risking drowning and being disemboweled by the powerful hoses. Workers also face mine collapses and explosions, repetitive tasks, heavy work, and exposure to extreme heat, dust, noise, tropical illnesses, and mercury and cyanide. Verite field research found that sex trafficking, including of girls as young as 12, is extremely pervasive in illegal mining areas. Illegally mined gold is "laundered" and exported, with the help of corrupt government officials, to prominent refineries, which supply some of the biggest central banks, jewelry companies, and electronics producers in the world. In contrast to other goods produced by organized criminal groups such as cocaine or heroin, illegally mined gold can easily be laundered, after which it becomes a legitimate consumer commodity that moves easily and legally across international borders. The ubiquity of illegally-mined gold and the lack of transparency upstream of most gold refineries means that companies buying gold from major refineries are often at risk of illegally mined gold entering their supply chains. A Verite analysis of Dodd-Frank Act compliance records found that 72 of the Fortune 500 companies filed conflict mineral reports during 2015 listing the smelters and refineries from which they obtained their gold the previous year. Verite found that approximately 90 percent of these companies purchased gold from refineries that have demonstrated a pattern of purchasing illegally mined gold from Latin America. Companies that source illegally produced gold from Latin America face severe reputational and legal risks, including potential liability under a number of statutes covering company complicity in trafficking in persons, forced and child labor, organized crime, corruption, and conflict minerals. Some of these statutes stipulating steep fines for companies and even long jail sentences for their executives. Combatting illegal gold mining and the human and labor rights abuses that accompany it requires a coordinated, multi-pronged approach by the governments of gold producing countries, as well as the countries and companies that import gold. While some Latin American governments have recently stepped up efforts to prosecute individuals and companies that illegally extract and export gold, the governments of gold importing countries have thus far done relatively little to hold accountable the companies that import this gold, although they have the tools and mandate to do so. Companies must also take steps to ensure that they are not responsible for perpetuating organized crime, violence, corruption, and human trafficking by purchasing, directly or indirectly, illegally mined gold from Latin America. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 30, 2016 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/Verite-Report-Illegal_Gold_Mining.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Latin America URL: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/Verite-Report-Illegal_Gold_Mining.pdf Shelf Number: 140083 Keywords: Child Labor Conflict Minerals Forced Labor Gold Mining Human Trafficking Natural Resources Organized Crime Supply Chains

Author: Suhr, Brigitte Title: Funding the Fight Against Modern Slavery: Mapping Private Funds in the Anti-Slavery and Anti-Trafficking Sector: 2012-2014 Summary: Modern slavery condemns tens of millions of men, women, boys and girls to lives filled with violence, exploitation and abuse. Unscrupulous criminals prey upon the most vulnerable and marginalised people to generate illegal and unconscionable profits - up to $150 billion each year, according to the ILO. Between 20.9 million and 35.8 million people live in slavery-like conditions today. Around one in four people enslaved in the world are children. However, in recent years, a growing number of anti-slavery and anti-trafficking projects have begun to turn the tide. People have been liberated from servitude. Children at-risk of slavery have begun schooling.2 Lives have been transformed, communities renewed. Funding is absolutely critical to these efforts. Committed donors who share our vision for change are integral partners in the fight against modern slavery. This study sought to quantify the scale, focus and geographic location of private funding for antislavery initiatives, as well as identify promising trends and funding gaps that need to be addressed. Details: London: The Freedom Fund and Humanity United, 2016. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 30, 2016 at: http://freedomfund.org/wp-content/uploads/Donor-Mapping-Report-for-web-FINAL-30March16-1.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://freedomfund.org/wp-content/uploads/Donor-Mapping-Report-for-web-FINAL-30March16-1.pdf Shelf Number: 140103 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Terrorist Financing

Author: Sikka, Anette Title: Labour Trafficking in Canada: Indicators, Stakeholders, and Investigative Methods Summary: Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon, touching on issues of migration, employment, prostitution and crime control. The purpose of this research project is to provide information on labour trafficking in Canada that will assist law enforcement and other criminal justice bodies in identifying and investigating these cases. In addition to an analysis and summary of relevant international and domestic laws and policies, the report synthesizes the existing body of literature, and analyzes published cases of labour trafficking in Canada. The literature review suggests that the topic of labour trafficking has not received significant attention as its own subject matter and merits critical analysis in the legal, jurisprudential and policy context. A case review found little evidence linking labour trafficking in Canada to established organized crime. Further, analysis found no forced labour situations reported as potential cases of trafficking of Canadians or permanent residents outside of the sex trade or criminal activity, such as drug trafficking. The analysis of labour trafficking was focused upon 'legal' occupations, which resulted in published cases that involved potential labour trafficking cases that were mainly related to migrant workers in Canada. A key finding of the report is that cases exist in stories reported by the media, as well as academics, not-for profit and legal literatures, which may meet the legal definition of labour trafficking, but have not been conceptualized or classified as human trafficking for the purposes of labour exploitation. This report identifies a number of exploitative labour practices that can become part of the spectrum of human trafficking activities. An analysis of cases identifies a combination of deceptive recruitment practices and aggravating exploitative work arrangements which result in situations that explicitly or implicitly prevent migrants from leaving employment situations in a manner that conforms to legal definitions of human trafficking. In particular, case analysis reveals activities by recruiters and employers that place individuals in exploitative situations that they are unable to leave. Some of these fears arise from physical threats or abuse, but also from debt bondage or threats of criminalization. For instance, examples are documented where exploitation, whether through inadequate working conditions, insufficient housing, confiscation of identity documents, or physical abuse, exist as factors contributing to a migrants' unwillingness or inability to escape exploitative work situations. The existence of high debt or extreme poverty in a home country can leave migrants vulnerable to exploitative working conditions. Threats, including overt reference to legal actions such as deportation, when used in the context of these exploitative conditions, may constitute trafficking in persons. These factors of coercion or deception and exploitation, when considered jointly, suggest a spectrum of activities that can be considered labour trafficking; which have been, hitherto, given little consideration as a form of human trafficking. The report notes a series of indicators which may aid stakeholders in the detection, investigation, prosecution and amelioration of trafficking generally, and specifically in a labour context. Noting a general dearth of human trafficking cases, and of labour trafficking specifically, the report finds that physical harm, as is often the case in sex trafficking, is a notable, albeit rare, indicator of labour trafficking. Most frequently, cases of labour trafficking come to the attention of authorities when there is a connection to employment standards, occupational health and safety, and labour rights violations that are identified by NGOs. It is not common that police services or government authorities identify cases of labour trafficking directly through their dealings with migrant workers. A gender analysis of the cases indicates that the involvement of youth and females is more common in domestic care or isolated work situations where there is evidence of labour trafficking. Such cases share characteristics with cases of sex trafficking, and appear more likely to also include elements of sexual exploitation. The study also notes victims' lack of awareness of their rights and resources (including an individual's inability to understand they are a victim of human trafficking) and a marked reticence amongst victims to report exploitative work arrangements, as a key characteristic in labour trafficking cases as well as an obstacle to anti-trafficking activities. Employer violations of basic obligations, such as building codes, may not only portend greater offences occurring in the work place, such as egregious exploitation and coercive environments, but may also provide an intervention point for authorities. Federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal stakeholders could therefore benefit from greater information - and intelligence-sharing amongst regulatory and policing agencies to ensure relevant sharing and escalation of employer contraventions across jurisdictions. With potential indicators of labour trafficking identified, there is a suggestion to move toward a definition of forced labour that considers coercion not only through physical force but through several interlocking and overlapping barriers which prevent potentially trafficked individuals from leaving an exploitative workplace. A challenge for researchers and authorities is to define where the regulatory infractions of employment standards end and the criminal offence of human trafficking begin, and to revise trafficking models and anti-trafficking practices accordingly. This work could benefit from further research into existing reported cases of human trafficking and more generally into cases documenting exploitative labour practices experienced by migrant workers, Canadian citizens, and permanent residents alike. Included with the report are annexes of Canadian cases of labour trafficking of a non-sexual nature. Each incident is coded for: location; means by which the incident came to the attention of authorities; any identified law enforcement response or investigative methods; characteristics of victims; activities potentially classified as coercive or deceptive; activities potentially classified as exploitation; any prosecutorial or judicial determinations regarding the status of victims (trafficked or not trafficked); and, any non-governmental or governmental organizations involved either in identification or service provision. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2013. 111p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2016 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cn63310954-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cn63310954-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 131164 Keywords: Forced labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation Labor Trafficking

Author: Beatson, Jesse Title: The Exploitation of Foreign Workers in Our Own Backyards: An examination of labour exploitation and labour trafficking in Canada Summary: Background - Many employers who engage in the exploitation of foreign workers have experienced impunity due to factors such as lack of interest by law enforcement agencies, ambiguous or non-existent criminal justice legislation, poor labour standards and/or untenable complaint mechanisms, and government programs for foreign workers with inadequate protections in place to safeguard human rights. - Changes to the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) in Canada has resulted in an increase in foreign workers and many of them are quite vulnerable to actual and potential exploitation. - A lot of reports and advocacy efforts focus on trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation so the picture many people have of the nature and scope of trafficking in Canada may be skewed. More research is needed on labour-related abuses, both to better understand this phenomenon and also to assess the merits of the "trafficking" framework - The current legal definition of labour trafficking has some limitations and may need to be improved so that better protection and justice for victimized foreign workers in Canada can be provided. Countless numbers of men, women, and children are exploited around the world by unscrupulous employers. Impunity is all too commonly experienced by these employers, regardless of whether they operate in developing or developed world contexts. This impunity is due to a combination of possible factors such as lack of interest or effort by law enforcement agencies, ambiguous or non-existent criminal justice legislation, poor labour standards and/or untenable complaint mechanisms, and government foreign labour programs designed without adequate worker protections. This report was prepared for CATHII (Comite D'Action Contre La Traite Humaine Interne Et Internationale) during the spring and summer of 2015 to investigate labour exploitation and labour trafficking in the Canadian context. Recent changes to Canadian immigration programs, specifically the Temporary Foreign Workers Program (TFWP), has resulted in a comparatively greater increase in non-nationals entering the country versus permanent immigrants (Thomas 2010). The potentially mutually beneficial and positive aspects of the TFWP notwithstanding; in practice, these foreign workers lack access to the same rights and privileges as Canadian citizens or permanent residents and this makes them vulnerable (Macovei 2012). Canadian employers who engage in exploitative practices of foreign workers may be the most immediate and easily identifiable cause of these labour abuses, but the policy context should be considered a structural factor that influences how easy it is to carry these abuses out. According to a government issued pamphlet "Canadian law protects all workers in Canada, including temporary foreign workers... The exploitation of a foreign national may violate Canadian law and human rights" (Temporary Foreign Workers). Nevertheless, Fudge and MacPhail (2009) have argued that the mechanisms designed to monitor and protect the rights of foreign workers are in fact not well developed or monitored and that the actual and potential exploitation of foreign workers "undermines the legitimacy of the program (TFWP) both within and outside of Canada" (p. 43). Thus, one of the objectives of this report - through compiling several documented cases where foreign workers have been exploited - is to shed light on patterns and trends that might point towards problems with the current TFWP system. Case summaries provide vivid testimonies that changes may need to be made to immigration policy to ensure more robust protections of human rights. A second objective of this report is to join others who are beginning to address a disparity in trafficking research and advocacy work in Canada. Within the community of NGOs in Canada dedicated to issues of human trafficking, the heaviest emphasis of research and advocacy efforts tends to be placed on trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation. Consequently, the victims of trafficking practices are thought primarily to be young women forced into the sex trade, brought into Canada from foreign countries under false pretences. While efforts made on behalf of individuals fitting this general description are laudable and ideally will continue to be strengthened in coming years, an unfortunate side effect of the intense focus on this particular trafficking narrative is that it gives a misleading impression about the nature and scope of trafficking-related abuses in Canada. By expanding the focus of research and advocacy around trafficking issues to include labour exploitation, victims of these activities, increasingly being accepted as the most common form of trafficking globally, will have a better chance at justice and protection. Potential future victims will also hopefully receive better safeguarding of their human rights. Details: Montreal: CATHII (Comite D'Action Contre La Traite Humaine Interne Et Internationale), 2015. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: http://www.cathii.org/sites/www.cathii.org/files/The%20Exploitation%20of%20Foreign%20Workers%20Report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: http://www.cathii.org/sites/www.cathii.org/files/The%20Exploitation%20of%20Foreign%20Workers%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 140275 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Immigrants Labor Exploitation Labor Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Hoff, Suzanne Title: Engaging the Private Sector to End Human Trafficking: A Resource Guide for NGOs Summary: Anti-trafficking non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and networks have so far not focused much on engaging the private sector on its role in trafficking in human beings (THB). Because the legal definition of human trafficking has historically been restricted to exploitation in the sex industry, anti-trafficking action has, until recently, been largely tackled and framed in the context of women's rights, debates on sex work and within criminal law. This changed in 2000 when the UN Palermo Protocol2 extended the definition of human trafficking to include all forms of forced labour and slavery-like practices in all economic sectors. This has made labour law and relevant stakeholders such as trade unions central to this issue, and has merged debates on human trafficking and forced labour. The EU Anti-trafficking Directive from 2011 reaffirmed this. The legacy of human trafficking being regarded as a problem that is exclusive to the sex industry is still apparent. The majority of the cases identified and registered still relate to exploitation in the sex industry, even though it is known that labour exploitation occurs in many different sectors. More awareness and attention is needed for all forms of human trafficking, which is often still framed as only a criminal justice issue, whilst the relevance of labour rights is underreported. This is also perpetuated by the fact that anti-trafficking organisations - and indeed other stakeholders such as service providers, municipalities and government institutions - have developed collaborative and well-functioning multi-stakeholder networks specifically dealing with prevention and direct support for trafficked persons. Anti-trafficking NGOs, such as members of the European anti-trafficking network La Strada International (LSI), often provide services for trafficked people, such as shelter, medical and legal advice, as well as advocacy directed at states to ensure improved legislation for the rights of trafficked people. Their networks include law enforcement, judiciaries, criminal law experts, social services (women's shelters, psychologists) or immigration officials and organisations that directly deal with the identification, support, court cases, return and reintegration of trafficked persons. The framing of human trafficking in these networks and practices therefore naturally refers to the focus of these stakeholders and relevant laws. The extension of human trafficking so that it is generally understood to include labour exploitation in sectors other than the sex industry has meant that the private sector has become seen as a more important stakeholder in anti-trafficking work. This has now been recognised by all relevant organisations dealing with the fight against human trafficking, as the above quote by the UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons indicates. Anti-trafficking NGOs have also started to acknowledge the need to engage the private sector. First, as increasing requests for assistance are received for those exploited in different labour sectors; and second, as they are being confronted with cases in which the private sector plays a role in the exploitation of people. One example of this is the tree workers case in the Czech Republic, where at least 2,000 workers, mainly from Vietnam, but also from Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia and the Ukraine, have been forced to work under very harsh conditions during 2009 and 2010 in the state forest of the Czech Republic, recruited and employed by legal agencies. In the framework of the NGOs & Co project, LSI carried out a survey in 2013, among 27 European anti-trafficking NGOs, including LSI members, assessing their overall level of engagement with the private sector, as well as the perceived obstacles, enablers and lessons learned in partnering with businesses. This assessment revealed that, although 80% of the respondent NGOs have experience in targeting the private sector and claim to see the private sector as one of their key target groups, less than half of the participants in the survey recognised the importance of such work in their Strategic Plans, and only 11% (3 out of 27 organisations) have a specific staff person dedicated to engaging with the private sector. In short, there is little capacity for engagement or indeed knowledge of the different strategies of private sector engagement applied in other civil society networks. Details: Amsterdam: SOMO; LaStrada, 2015. 146p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2016 at: http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/3227-Resource%20Guide%20Egnaging%20the%20Private%20Sector%20to%20End%20Human%20Trafficking.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/3227-Resource%20Guide%20Egnaging%20the%20Private%20Sector%20to%20End%20Human%20Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 147952 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Slavery Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: Theuws, Martje Title: Flawed Fabrics: The abuse of girls and women workers in the South Indian textile industry Summary: The women and girls who work in the spinning mills of Tamil Nadu, some as young as 15, are mostly recruited from marginalised Dalit communities in impoverished rural areas. They are forced to work long hours for low wages. They live in very basic company-run hostels and are hardly ever allowed to leave the company compound. The researched spinning mills have Western companies and Bangladesh garment factories among their customers, including C&A, Mothercare, HanesBrands, Sainsbury's and Primark. The report portrays the situation in five spinning mills in Tamil Nadu, which is a major hub in the global textile and knitwear industry: Best Cotton Mills, Jeyavishnu Spintex, Premier Mills, Sulochana Cotton Spinning Mills and Super Spinning Mills. The research is based on in-depth interviews with 150 workers combined with an analysis of corporate information and export data regarding the companies involved. Spinning mills in this region produce cotton yarn and fabrics, both for further processing in the Indian garment industry and for export to other countries, in particular Bangladesh. Semi-prison The teenage girls and young women told researchers how they had been lured from their home villages with attractive promises of decent jobs and good pay. In reality, however, they are working under appalling conditions that amount to modern day slavery and the worst forms of child labour. Workers don't get contracts or payslips. Workers have nowhere to go to express their grievances. In the mills there are no trade unions or functioning complaint mechanisms. One interviewed worker at Sulochana Cotton Spinning Mills said of her living conditions: "I do not like the hostel; there is no entertainment and no outside contact and is very far from the town. It is like a semi-prison." Bangladesh Accord Two mills were found to be supplying Bangladesh garment factories that fall under the Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety. As such the report presents a direct link between the Accord's signatories and unacceptable labour rights violations in India. Due to a lack of transparency in the garment sector, SOMO and ICN could not establish which signatories. All Western retailers and fashion brands source from these factories. The export data also link the investigated spinning mills to three foreign banks: Standard Chartered Bank, The Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi and Raifeisenbank. These banks provide financial services to the spinning mills and their customers. However, referring to banking security and privacy, the banks refused to disclose any details. Failing audits? In the past few years, brands and retailers sourcing from Tamil Nadu have started to step up audits and corrective actions plans at the level of end-manufacturing units (first tier suppliers). However, only a small number of brands and retailers have started mapping and to some extent auditing their second-tier suppliers. The vast majority of buyers do not engage in monitoring and corrective actions at the level of the spinning mills (which are second-tier suppliers). Two of the researched mills received a certification (SA8000) for adhering to international labour standards, while this report shows labour conditions at these mills are far from acceptable. Details: Amsterdam: Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) and the India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN), 2014. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2016 at: https://www.somo.nl/flawed-fabric-the-abuse-of-girls-and-women-workers-in-the-south-indian-textile-industry/ Year: 2014 Country: India URL: https://www.somo.nl/flawed-fabric-the-abuse-of-girls-and-women-workers-in-the-south-indian-textile-industry/ Shelf Number: 140344 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Modern Slavery

Author: Dobreva, Natasha Title: Promotion of the Rights of Trafficked Persons in Bulgaria: A Human Rights Based Approach Summary: One of the problems many countries have in common, including Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia, is the lack of access of victims of trafficking to legal counseling and aid. An adequate referral system which ensures that victims are informed about the relevant judicial proceedings and their rights from their very first contact with the authorities is missing. There are very few lawyers trained in working with trafficked persons. State-funded legal aid is scarce and often limited to no more than the formal presence of a lawyer during the trial. Even if formally victims have a right to claim compensation for the damages they suffered, in practice such claims are rarely awarded and, if they are, hardly ever executed. Provisions, such as the use of closed hearings or audiovisual means, that might protect the safety and privacy of victims are not effectively used. Many actors in the judicial system, including police, prosecutors, judges and lawyers, lack knowledge about trafficking and its psychological, social and health impacts on its victims. And in some cases victims are disrespectfully treated by representatives of the judicial system itself. As a result trafficked persons face major barriers in accessing justice and criminal proceedings often lead to their secondary victimization. At the same time, NGOs are not trained in providing legal counseling and only have limited funds to pay for legal aid and representation. Despite increasing awareness that trafficking and the exploitation of human beings under forced labour or slavery-like conditions constitute severe human rights violations, States tend to focus on the prosecution and punishment of the perpetrators, while the protection of the rights of trafficked persons lags behind. Often victims are purely seen as instrumental for the prosecution with little regard for the far reaching impact testifying against their exploiters may have on their current and future well-being, safety and life. Details: Sofia: Animus Association Foundation, 2013. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2016 at: http://www.animusassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Promotion-of-the-rights-of-the-trafficked-persons-in-Bulgaria.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Bulgaria URL: http://www.animusassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Promotion-of-the-rights-of-the-trafficked-persons-in-Bulgaria.pdf Shelf Number: 145417 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Human Trafficking Trafficked Persons

Author: Boonpala, Panudda Title: Unbearable to the Human Heart: Child Trafficking and Action to Eliminate It. Summary: The trafficking of human beings is unacceptable under any circumstances, but the trafficking of vulnerable children and young people is a violation of their rights to protection from exploitation, to play, to an education and to health, and to family life. The trafficking of children is not new; it has existed for many years and continues to grow across all continents and all cultures. Today, however, there is a new, strong will to take action to combat trafficking and to bring it to a speedy end. Child trafficking is emerging as a global issue; nearly all countries are affected by this criminal violation of children’s rights. For some countries, the trafficking of children occurs within national boundaries and remains an essentially national issue. For many, it crosses borders and regions. The victims, mostly separated from their families and communities, end up in prostitution and other exploitative forms of work, such as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, fishing, begging and domestic service. They are vulnerable to abuse and exploitation and traumatized by this accumulation of denied rights. As this report shows, child trafficking is a highly complex phenomenon with no simple answers. While more is known about the problem today, there remains a knowledge gap both in the analysis of the problem and in finding effective solutions. The denial of fundamental principles and rights at work has been a constant concern for the International Labour Organization. The organization has been promoting considerations of social justice and social progress with relentless determination. The ILO has also stood resolutely against the dangerous proposition that human labour should be valued merely as a commodity. The organization forcefully acts against forced labour, of adults and children alike. The ILO Convention on the Worst of Forms of Child Labour (182) adopted in 1999 identifies the trafficking of children as a practice similar to slavery. The Convention calls for countries to take immediate action to secure the prohibition and elimination of all worst forms of child labour. By the end of March 2002, 117 member countries had ratified Convention No. 182. The ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) implements technical cooperation programmes to support participating countries in combating child trafficking. From 1993 to 1995, such programmes operated in only a few Asian countries. Following the first World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Stockholm in 1996, IPEC expanded its activities to combat trafficking in children worldwide, covering some 30 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, with scope for broader participation — including in other regions — in the future. Three IPEC participating countries — the United Republic of Tanzania, Nepal and El Salvador – have adopted time-bound programmes to end the worst forms of child labour, including child trafficking and children in prostitution. This was made possible thanks to donor contributions from Germany, Denmark, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. Global experience in combating child trafficking is relatively young. Much remains to be understood about the problem and possible solutions. In this context, the sharing of information, experience and knowledge is crucial. It is for this purpose that the present report has been prepared. It aims to bring together the major elements of what is known about the problem of child trafficking around the world. It also presents some positive experiences in combating this highly complex problem, so that we all can learn and benefit from these experiences in planning future action. The problem is huge in scope, multi-faceted and sensitive, both culturally and politically. Tackling this kind of complex issue is possible — as demonstrated in this report — when countries are committed to addressing the problem as a matter of urgency and when the international community is willing to join them and support them in: • strengthening multi-sectoral alliances to combat child trafficking within countries and across borders, • undertaking time-bound measures, programmes and plans — that is, setting specific goals and deadlines — to combat child trafficking and other worst forms of child labour; and linking this with the national development effort, particularly a poverty reduction strategy and the provision of quality education and skills training; • broadening collaboration at bilateral, regional and international levels, including in fundamental areas such as data collection, planning, evaluation, capacity building and information sharing; and • mobilizing international support for action to combat trafficking in children and maintaining children’s rights on the international agenda. Based on the experience accumulated by many agencies and actors, we should be confident that good results can be achieved towards ending trafficking. It is urgent to act: the lives and future of millions of children depend on our individual and collective resolve. Details: Geneva, SWIT: International Labour Office, International Programme on the Elimination of Child labour (IPEC), 2002. 97p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 31, 2016 at: http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/pdf/2002_traff_unbearable_en.pdf Year: 2002 Country: International URL: http://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/pdf/2002_traff_unbearable_en.pdf Shelf Number: 135097 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Walby, Sylvia Title: Study on comprehensive policy review of anti-trafficking projects funded by the European Commission Summary: The Comprehensive Policy Review of Anti-Trafficking Projects, a study completed as a deliverable of the EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings (2012-2016). 321 anti-trafficking projects were directly funded by the Commission at a total of EUR 158.5 million during the period 2004-2015. This dataset does not include allocations in the context of the response to the migration crisis. 221 different principal grant holders received funding and ran activities in over 100 different countries worldwide. Two thirds of funded projects and funding was awarded to principal grant holders located in EU Member States and one third to principal grant holders located in non-EU countries. Just over half of funded projects were led by non-governmental organisations (57%). EC funding per project which was significantly higher than any of the other types of principal grant holder at EUR 1.1 million compared to less than EUR 500,000. Together DG International Cooperation and Development and DG Home Affairs and Migration contracted over 80% of the funded projects (43% and 38% respectively) and almost 90% (67% and 22% respectively) of EC funding. Funded projects on sexual exploitation received the lowest average funding per project (EUR 231,429). Funded projects on child trafficking were awarded EUR 30.5 million. Funded projects on Labour exploitation received the third highest level of EC funding, worth EUR 22 million. The Study examined how the projects contributed to the work against trafficking in human beings at the EU level and more precisely to the priorities of the Commission in this area. Details: Brussels: European Commission, 2016. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2016 at: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/study_on_comprehensive_policy_review.pdf Year: 20176 Country: Europe URL: https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/study_on_comprehensive_policy_review.pdf Shelf Number: 140988 Keywords: Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation

Author: Muskat-Gorska, Zuzanna Title: The Role of the Internet in Trafficking for Labour Exploitation Summary: The report examines what role the internet plays in trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation. It considers in particular methods of online job recruitment and looks at cases studies from several EU Member States – Czech Republic, UK, Ireland, and Romania – and discusses to what extent the internet plays a role and if so, how significant the role of the internet is in facilitating human trafficking. The report provides examples of potential solutions. Details: Brussels: International Trade Union Confederation, 2015. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2016 at: https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/internet_and_labour_trafficking.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/internet_and_labour_trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 147309 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Internet Crimes Labor Exploitation

Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Human Trafficking: State Has Made Improvements in Its Annual Report but Does Not Explicitly Explain Certain Tier Rankings or Changes Summary: Human traffickers around the world exploit men, women, and children for profit—often through commercial sex work or forced labor. The State Department annually reports on global anti-trafficking efforts—ranking countries into 1 of 4 tiers based on their actions. We found several key shortcomings in State's 2015 and 2016 reports—potentially limiting their usefulness as tools to encourage governments to fight trafficking. For example, the reports lacked clear explanations for some countries' rankings, or for decisions to upgrade or downgrade a country to a different tier. We recommended that State improve the transparency of its decision-making. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2016. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-17-56: Accessed December 6, 2016 at: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/681388.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/681388.pdf Shelf Number: 147861 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) Title: Slavery at Sea: The Continued Plight of Trafficked Migrants in Thailand's Fishing Industry Summary: In the last two years, nothing has changed on the issue of human trafficking in fisheries... It just stays the same. Nothing new, no improvements – because the problems are still there. Kyaw Lin Oo, interpreter for victims of human trafficking Thailand is the third largest seafood exporter in the world, • with seafood exports valued at $7.3 billion in 2011. The European Union imported more than $1.15 billion (€835.5 million) worth of seafood from Thailand in 2012, while the value of imports by the United States exceeded $1.6 billion in 2013. The Thai fishing industry remains heavily reliant on -- trafficked and forced labour. It is clear that rising overheads, exacerbated by the need to spend more time at sea for smaller catches due to over-fishing and chronic mismanagement of the fishery will continue to encourage these abuses. As boat operators have looked to cut costs, working -- conditions and wages have suffered, causing many workers to turn away from the industry and forcing some employers to rely on criminal trafficking networks to meet the labour shortfall. NGOs, international organisations, governments and -- industry have identified the Thai seafood sector as an area of high concern for forced and trafficked labour. Thailand has spent four consecutive years on the Tier 2 "Watchlist" of the US Department of State's Trafficking in Persons report and now faces a mandatory downgrade to Tier 3 in 2014 if the major issues are not adequately addressed. To address a series of criticisms made by observers, -- Thailand's Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS) released the 2013 National Action Plan to Prevent and Suppress Human Trafficking (NAP). The document itself is broad in scope and undermined by vague objectives. EJF investigations have revealed evidence that the Thai Government is falling far short of critical commitments made in the action plan. Investigations in 2014 document the continued prevalence -- of trafficking in the Thai fishing industry, with operators now taking greater precaution to avoid detection, including transhipping trafficked workers at sea. Corruption remains a major obstacle to efforts to -- combat human trafficking in Thailand. EJF investigations uncovered evidence of continued police collusion in the trafficking and exploitation of migrant workers aboard Thai fishing boats. Further, EJF's investigations reveal that local officials often provide protection and even assistance to unscrupulous brokers and business owners engaged in the trafficking and abuse of migrant workers. The case of the 14 men rescued from a port in Kantang -- first reported in EJF's 2013 "Sold to the Sea report" reveals serious structural failings in how Thai authorities deal with human trafficking victims and cases more generally. After nearly a year in a Government shelter and little progress on their case, the victims told EJF in 2014 that they are frustrated and now more focused on returning home than pursuing their case. Without determined action at the highest levels of -- Government to identify and successfully prosecute criminals, corrupt officials and unscrupulous business operators, alongside the introduction and enforcement of comprehensive measures to regulate Thailand's fishing fleets and recruitment practices, violence, exploitation and slavery will remain an ongoing feature of Thailand's seafood industry. Details: London: EJF, 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 9, 2016 at: https://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/EJF_Slavery-at-Sea_report_2014_web-ok.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Thailand URL: https://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/EJF_Slavery-at-Sea_report_2014_web-ok.pdf Shelf Number: 145617 Keywords: Fishing Industry Forced Labor Human Trafficking Illegal Fishing Migrant Labor Wildlife Crime

Author: Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) Title: Thailand's Seafood Slaves: Human Trafficking, Slavery and Murder in Kantang's Fishing Industry Summary: -- Human trafficking and slavery are global problems. It is estimated that as many as 35.8 million men, women and children are currently victims of human trafficking around the world. -- Thailand is the 30th largest economy in the world with a GDP of US$404 billion. -- The Thai seafood industry employs more than 800,000 people, while seafood exports are valued at $6 billion. -- A growing number of independent reports over the past decade have documented abuses of workers trafficked on to Thai fishing vessels, including bonded, forced and slave labour and the use of extreme violence. One report by the United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP) found that 59% of trafficked migrants interviewed aboard Thai fishing vessels reported witnessing the murder of a fellow worker. -- Thailand's fish stocks and marine biodiversity are in crisis. The Thai fishing industry has undergone decades of over- fishing and astonishingly poor fisheries management. Rapid industrialisation during the 20 th Century has resulted in too many vessels using destructive and unsustainable fishing methods to catch too many fish. The overall catch per unit effort (CPUE) in both the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea has plummeted by more than 86% since 1966, making Thai waters among the most over-fished regions on the planet. -- The pressure on Thailand's over-exploited fish stocks has been and continues to be due in large part to the demand for animal feeds and farmed shrimp. The fishmeal industry has masked the true economic and ecological costs of over- fishing by over-valuing the trash fish which constitutes one of its key raw materials. -- The lack of an adequate fisheries management regime and effective enforcement along with extensive corruption have facilitated overfishing in Thailand, which has generated economic pressures that fuel the ongoing, widespread use of slave labour. -- Exhausted fish stocks mean that vessels are staying at sea longer and going further afield, often fishing illegally in other nations’ territorial waters, to bring in diminishing catches. In turn operators are using human trafficking networks and bonded, forced and slave labour to crew their vessels and depress costs. This largely export-focused industry is able to carry on providing cheap products to western markets as a direct result of these human rights abuses. Consumers in the west are eating product contaminated with slavery, 'pirate' fishing, corruption and criminality. Details: London: EJF, 2015. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2016 at: http://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/EJF-Thailand-Seafood-Slaves-low-res.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Thailand URL: http://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/EJF-Thailand-Seafood-Slaves-low-res.pdf Shelf Number: 145618 Keywords: Fishing Industry Forced labor Homicides Human Trafficking Illegal Fishing Overfishing Wildlife Crime

Author: Renshaw, Lauren Title: Migrating for work and study: The role of the migration broker in facilitating workplace exploitation, human trafficking and slavery Summary: Temporary migrants play an important role in Australia's workforce and student population. Little is known, however, about the migration mechanisms temporary migrants use and the associated risks these may involve. This paper examines the role of migration brokers in alleged and finalised cases of migrant exploitation ranging from low pay and hazardous working conditions to more severe forms involving debt bondage, forced labour and other slavery-like practices. This paper presents a typology of two kinds of migration broker - the migration facilitator and the labour supplier - developed from these case studies. Points of intervention are discussed with reference to these types, as is the effectiveness of various responses to the actions of migration brokers in preventing and detecting human trafficking, slavery and slavery-like practices. These responses may overlap with responses to other serious crimes such as immigration fraud, corruption, extortion and people smuggling. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2016. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, no. 527: Accessed December 15, 2016 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi527.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi527.pdf Shelf Number: 146156 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Immigrants Immigration Modern Slavery People Smuggling

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Title: Anti-trafficking response in Republic of Azerbaijan: assistance and services available to victims of trafficking and forced labour. Needs Assessment Report Summary: The Office's assessment includes the review and analysis of the assistance and services available to victims of trafficking and forced labour in Azerbaijan, with the objectives of identifying gaps and obstacles preventing provision of effective assistance to victims, and of seeking opportunities for improving these aspects of assistance. The review of legislation and practices included housing, social, medical, psychosocial, legal, physical safety and protection, and reintegration assistance services available in Baku, the capital city of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Details: Baku: OSCE Office in Baku, 2012. 52. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 3, 2017 at: http://www.osce.org/baku/105274?download=true Year: 2012 Country: Azerbaijan URL: http://www.osce.org/baku/105274?download=true Shelf Number: 146274 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Victims of Trafficking

Author: GRETA (Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Act. Second Evaluation Round Summary: According to data collected by the National Crime Agency (NCA), the number of referrals of possible victims of trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) was, respectively, 1 186 in 2012, 1 746 in 2013, 2 340 in 2014, and 3 266 in 2015.5 Out of the total number of referrals over the period 2012-2015, 60% were female, with an upward trend in the proportion of male referrals over the years (thus in 2015, there were 1 744 female and 1 518 male referrals). The number of child victims referred to the NRM has also been on the increase: from 371 in 2012 to 982 in 2015 (29% of all referrals during the period 2012-2015). Sexual exploitation was the most frequently referred type during the reporting period (36% of all referrals), followed by labour exploitation (35% of the referrals), which also includes as a subcategory the exploitation of criminal activities, and domestic servitude (13% of the referrals). Further, there were eight referrals of possible victims of trafficking for the purpose of organ harvesting during the reporting period. The type of exploitation was unknown in the remaining cases. Statistics indicate an upward trend in the proportion of referrals of victims of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, which in 2015 was the most prominent type of exploitation recorded for both adult and child victims. Possible victims of trafficking were reported to originate from some 100 different countries. Albania, Vietnam and Nigeria were the most common countries of origin of the possible victims referred. Other main countries of origin were Romania, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Sudan. The number of UK nationals referred as possible victims over the period 2012 to 2015 was 451; the majority of them were children trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation within the UK. As regards the number of persons actually recognised as victims of trafficking (i.e. given positive conclusive decisions after referral to the NRM), it was 819 in 2013 (46.9% of all referrals), 834 in 2014 (35.6% of the referrals) and 674 in 2015 (20.6% of the referrals). The number of negative decisions was, respectively, 776 in 2013 (44.5% of all referrals), 924 in 2014 (39.5% of the referrals) and 768 in 2015 (23.5% of the referrals). The remainder of the cases were pending decisions, suspended cases and cases withdrawn from process.6 GRETA notes that trends in the percentages of positive and negative conclusive decisions are strongly influenced by the proportion of pending cases. The UK authorities have indicated that the quarterly NRM statistics that are published on the National Crime Agency website will include an update of the decision status of the 2015 NRM statistics. GRETA notes that according to a 2014 estimate of the Home Office, based on Multiple Systems Estimation and using the different sources of data collected by the NCA, there are between 10 000 and 13 000 persons who would upon detection be referred into the NRM (possible victims of modern slavery) in the UK. The proportion of those who are referred into the NRM is small but constantly growing, as illustrated by the above-mentioned figures. Details: Strasbourg Cedex, France: Council of Europe, 2016. 121p. Source: Internet Resource: GRETA(2016)21: Second Evaluation Round: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/greta_2016_21_fgr_uk_en_final.docx_.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/greta_2016_21_fgr_uk_en_final.docx_.pdf Shelf Number: 145996 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sexual Exploitation

Author: GRETA (Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the Republic of Moldova Summary: The first evaluation of the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings ("the Convention") by the Republic of Moldova took place in 2010-2011. Following the receipt of the Republic of Moldova's reply to GRETA's first questionnaire on 3 September 2010, a country evaluation visit was organised from 10 to 13 May 2011. The draft report on the Republic of Moldova was examined at GRETA's 11th meeting (20-23 September 2011) and the final report was adopted at GRETA's 12th meeting (6-9 December 2011). Following the receipt of the Moldovan authorities' comments, GRETA's final report was published on 22 February 2012. In its first report, GRETA welcomed the efforts made to develop the institutional and legal framework for combating trafficking in human beings (THB), including the putting into place of a National Referral System for identification, assistance and protection of victims and potential victims of trafficking. GRETA commended the measures taken to raise public awareness, but urged the authorities to strengthen the aspect of prevention through economic and social empowerment measures for groups vulnerable to THB. Further, GRETA urged the authorities to take further measures to identify victims of trafficking, paying particular attention to vulnerable groups, such as women from socially disadvantaged families, women subjected to domestic violence, children left without parental care and children placed in state institutions. GRETA also underlined the importance of providing additional human and financial resources to the agencies involved in the provision of assistance measures to victims of trafficking. Moreover, GRETA urged the Moldovan authorities to set up a State compensation scheme accessible to victims of trafficking. As regards the application of criminal legislation, GRETA stressed that the investigations of trafficking offences should be improved to ensure that they lead to proportionate and dissuasive sanctions and that particular attention should be paid to cases of THB involving public officials. On the basis of GRETA's report, on 11 June 2012 the Committee of the Parties to the Convention adopted a recommendation to the Moldovan authorities, requesting them to report back on the measures taken to comply with this recommendation by 11 June 2014. The report submitted by the Moldovan authorities was considered at the 14th meeting of the Committee of the Parties (7 July 2014). The Committee of the Parties decided to transmit the authorities' report to GRETA for consideration and to make it public. On 3 September 2014, GRETA launched the second round of evaluation of the Convention in respect of the Republic of Moldova by sending the questionnaire for this round to the Moldovan authorities. The deadline for submitting the reply to the questionnaire was 3 February 2015. The Republic of Moldova submitted its reply on 11 February 2015. The Republic of Moldova remains mainly a country of origin of victims of THB, some of whom are exploited within the country. There are also indications that the Republic of Moldova is becoming a country of transit, without there being data that can illustrate this trend. According to official statistics, the number of identified victims of trafficking was 154 in 2011, 290 in 2012, 262 in 2013, 264 in 2014, and 310 in 2015. During the 2011-2015 period, 68% of the victims were female. Children represented 13% of the identified victims. From 2011 to 2014, only two foreign victims were identified, however, in 2015 a group of 15 foreign children was identified. Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation has remained the prevalent form of exploitation (45% of the identified victims in 2015), but the number of identified victims of THB for the purpose of labour exploitation has been on the rise (44% of all identified victims in 2015, compared to 29% in 2011) and almost equalled that of victims of THB for sexual exploitation. Further, there has been an increase in the number of persons trafficked for the purpose of forced begging (9% in 2015). In 2014, the first four cases of THB for the purpose of forced criminality appeared in the official statistics. There were 30 victims of internal trafficking in 2011, 25 in 2012, 34 in 2013, 33 in 2014, and 97 in 2015. Internal THB cases represented 17% of all cases in the period 2011-2015, mostly for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The main countries of destination of people trafficked from the Republic of Moldova have been the Russian Federation, Turkey, the northern part of Cyprus, and the United Arab Emirates. In 2014, the majority of the Moldovan victims (134) were trafficked to the Russian Federation. Certain EU countries (e.g. the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Romania and Spain) have emerged as countries of destination for Moldovan victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation, following the visa regime liberalisation with the Schengen area in 2014. Details: Brussels: Council of Europe, 2016. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Second Evaluation Round: GRETA(2016)9: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: http://antitrafic.gov.md/public/files/GRETA_2016_eng.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Moldova URL: http://antitrafic.gov.md/public/files/GRETA_2016_eng.pdf Shelf Number: 145885 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sexual Exploitation

Author: Danwatch Title: Bitter Coffee II -- Guatemala Summary: Guatemala grows some of the world's best coffee for quality-conscious consumers, but some of it is produced under conditions that contravene both international conventions and the country's own laws, according to the results of Danwatch's latest investigation into conditions among coffee workers. The investigation shows that illegal child labour and signs of forced labour are widespread. Furthermore, workers and union representatives who try to defend the rights of coffee workers risk not only being fired, but also threats and violence. Details: Copenhagen: Danwatch, 2016. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2017 at: https://www.danwatch.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Bitter-coffee-Guatemala-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Guatemala URL: https://www.danwatch.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Bitter-coffee-Guatemala-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 145768 Keywords: Child Labor Coffee Industry Forced Labor

Author: Busch-Armendariz, Noel Title: Human Trafficking by the Numbers: The Initial Benchmark of Prevalence and Economic Impact for Texas Summary: Report from the Statewide Human Trafficking Mapping Project of Texas, a collaboration among the Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault (IDVSA) and the Bureau of Business Research at The University of Texas at Austin as well as Allies Against Slavery. The study found that there are more than 300,000 victims of human trafficking in Texas, including almost 79,000 minors and youth victims of sex trafficking and nearly 234,000 adult victims of labor trafficking. Minor and youth sex trafficking costs the state of Texas approximately $6.6 billion annually, and traffickers exploit approximately $600 million from victims of labor trafficking in Texas. Details: Austin: University of Texas at Austin, School of Social Work, Institute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault , 2016. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 6, 2017 at: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/44597/idvsa-2016-human-trafficking-by-the-numbers.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/44597/idvsa-2016-human-trafficking-by-the-numbers.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 141349 Keywords: Child Sex Trafficking Costs of Crime Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Prostitution Sex Trafficking

Author: Focus on Labour Exploitation (FLEX) Title: Improving the Identification and Support of Victims of Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in the EU Summary: Human trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation is a serious crime and a human rights violation. Despite its pervasiveness across Europe and its harmful effects on victims, limited attention has been paid to the identification and support of victims of trafficking for labour exploitation. The ProAct project (Pro-active Identification and Support of Victims of Trafficking for Labour Exploitation in the EU) seeks to address this by improving responses to trafficking for labour exploitation throughout the European Union. The conclusions and recommendations presented in this briefing are the result of a 2-year project combining both extensive research and practical experience components. This policy brief presents three key issues identified through the project: 1. the need for sustainable support and access to accommodation for victims of trafficking for labour exploitation; 2. the increasing conflation of labour inspection and immigration control and the need for more proactive and victim-centred identification efforts; 3. the lack of access to legal remedies for victims of trafficking for labour exploitation. This paper highlights the concerning position that, in many European countries current responses to trafficking fall short of international and European obligations, and that more needs to be done both to effectively prevent trafficking for labour exploitation, and to support and protect its victims from further victimization. It proposes a set of recommendations in order to ensure a sustainable and comprehensive approach to human trafficking for labour exploitation in the EU. It calls for the effective and full implementation of European obligations by Member States, and seeks to provide input to the post-2016 EU strategy on Trafficking in Human Beings. Details: London: FLEX, 2016. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: PRO-ACT Policy Paper: Accessed March 21, 2017 at: http://www.labourexploitation.org/sites/default/files/publications/PROACT%20Policy%20Paper.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://www.labourexploitation.org/sites/default/files/publications/PROACT%20Policy%20Paper.pdf Shelf Number: 144523 Keywords: Forced labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation Trafficking for Labor Exploitation

Author: Polaris Project Title: The Typology of Modern Slavery: Defining Sex and Labor Trafficking in the United States Summary: For the last 15 years, people in the modern anti-trafficking field have struggled to identify and disrupt human trafficking networks in the United States. This movement to stop modern slavery has confronted many challenges, and one of the most significant has been the absence of data that shows how human trafficking operates. To eradicate human trafficking networks and help survivors, we must be able to identify and disrupt the manifestations of trafficking in our communities. From sex trafficking within escort services to labor trafficking of farmworkers, the ways humans are exploited differ greatly. Each type has unique strategies for recruiting and controlling victims, and concealing the crime. For years, we have been staring at an incomplete chess game, moving pieces without seeing hidden squares or fully understanding the power relationships between players. Many efforts to combat trafficking have generalized across too many types and created overly generic resources and responses. For example, if an anti-trafficking group is providing a training for hotels, generic "Human Trafficking 101" training is less effective than training that focuses on the types of trafficking that actually use hotels as part of their business model. With The Typology of Modern Slavery, our blurry understanding of the scope of the crime is now coming into sharper focus. Polaris analyzed more than 32,000 cases of human trafficking documented between December 2007 and December 2016 through its operation of the National Human Trafficking Hotline and BeFree Textline. This is the largest data set on human trafficking in the United States ever compiled and publically analyzed. Details: Washington, DC: Polaris Project, 2017. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2017 at: https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Polaris-Typology-of-Modern-Slavery.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Polaris-Typology-of-Modern-Slavery.pdf Shelf Number: 144631 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sex Trafficking

Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Human Trafficking: Action Needed to Identify the Number of Native American Victims Receiving Federally-funded Services Summary: All four federal agencies that investigate or prosecute human trafficking in Indian country-the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and the U.S. Attorneys' Offices (USAO) 0 are required to record in their case management systems whether a human trafficking offense was involved in the case. With the exception of ICE, these agencies are also required to record in their case management systems whether the crime took place in Indian country. ICE officials explained that the agency does not record this information because, unlike BIA and the FBI, ICE is not generally involved in criminal investigations in Indian country. Typically, ICE would only conduct an investigation in Indian country if specifically invited by a tribe to do so. Further, with the exception of BIA, these agencies do not require their agents or attorneys to collect or record Native American status of victims in their cases due to concerns about victim privacy and lack of relevance of the victim's race to the substance of the investigation or prosecution. The Departments of Justice (DOJ), Health and Human Services (HHS), and Homeland Security (DHS) administered at least 50 grant programs from fiscal years 2013 through 2016 that could help address Native American human trafficking. For example, 21 of these grant programs, which were administered by DOJ and HHS, could be used to provide services to Native American human trafficking victims. However, the total number of Native American victims who received services under these grant programs is unknown. HHS is developing a data collection tool that grantees can use to report information on human trafficking victims served, including Native American status of victims. DOJ's Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) requires grantees to report Native American status of victims served, but not by type of crime. DOJ's Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) do not require grantees to collect and report Native American status of victims served. However, in fiscal year 2017, OVC began providing recipients of human trafficking - specific grant programs the option to report the race or Native American status of victims served. While Native American status may not generally be a factor for determining whether a victim can receive services, it may be a factor for determining how best to assist this particular demographic. According to the 2013-2017 Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, expanding human trafficking data collection and research efforts for Native Americans and other vulnerable populations is an area for improvement for the federal government. Additionally, Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government states that quality information should be used to achieve objectives based on relevant data from reliable sources. Without collecting data on the Native American status of victims served, federal agencies will not know the extent to which they are achieving government-wide strategic goals to provide and improve services to vulnerable populations, including Native American human trafficking victims. Why GAO Did This Study Human trafficking-the exploitation of a person typically through force, fraud, or coercion for such purposes as forced labor, involuntary servitude or commercial sex-is occurring in the United States. Traffickers seek out persons perceived to be vulnerable. Native Americans (i.e., American Indians or Alaska Natives) are considered to be a vulnerable population. DOJ, DHS, and the Department of the Interior investigate human trafficking crimes. Primarily, DOJ and HHS provide grants to fund victim services. GAO was asked to examine Native American human trafficking. This report focuses on federal efforts to address human trafficking, including the extent to which (1) agencies collect and maintain data on investigations and prosecutions of human trafficking in Indian country or of Native Americans regardless of location and (2) federal grant programs are available to help address such trafficking, and how many Native American trafficking victims have received assistance through these programs. GAO reviewed human trafficking investigation and prosecution data from fiscal years 2013 to 2016; reviewed solicitations for human trafficking-related grant programs; and interviewed grant program officials. What GAO Recommends GAO recommends that DOJ require its grantees to report the number of human trafficking victims served and, as appropriate, the Native American status of those victims. DOJ partially concurred with the recommendation. GAO clarified the recommendation and maintains action is needed. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2017. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-17-325: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/683805.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/690/683805.pdf Shelf Number: 144752 Keywords: American Indians Forced Labor Human Trafficking Native Americans Sexual Exploitation Victims of Human Trafficking Violence Against Women

Author: Lepp, Annalee Title: 2010 Winter Games Analysis on Human Trafficking Summary: Between February and August 2010, GAATW Canada researchers conducted a qualitative research project, funded by Public Safety Canada, on possible increases in transnational and domestic human trafficking in British Columbia in connection with the 2010 Vancouver Olympic and Paralympic Games. Research involved examining available data on the link between trafficking in persons and previous mega sporting events, analyzing media, online, and public discussions that focused on human trafficking prior to and during the Olympic Games, and conducting telephone, in-person, and e-mail interviews with 61 key informants, federal and provincial representatives, enforcement personnel, members of non-governmental organizations, as well as legal and human rights advocates. In the process of investigating the main research question, the research team also considered the dynamics of pre-Olympic anti-trafficking discourses and campaigns, what trafficking in persons prevention measures were implemented by governmental, enforcement, and non-governmental sectors and the reported effectiveness of those strategies, as well as the key recommendations that emerged from interview participants. The interview data provided contrary evidence about whether or not there were indications that human trafficking had occurred prior to and during the 2010 Olympic Games. Nonetheless, without out ruling the possibility that human trafficking for the purposes of labour and sexual exploitation might have evaded detection with the risk of domestic trafficking into the commercial sex sector specifically mentioned, the vast majority of informants across stakeholder sectors suggested that they had no specific knowledge of or that there was no concrete and verifiable evidence of trafficking in persons for the purposes of sexual or labour exploitation linked to the 2010 Olympic Games. In addition, as of the end of August 2010, no trafficking in persons cases connected to the event had reached the level of investigation. There was also no strong evidence of a significant spike in male demand for paid sexual services during the Olympic Games. In the absence of evidence-based research, which has systematically assessed the fan base of or measured male demand for paid sexual services during mega sporting events, it is unclear whether this was a feature unique to what some interviewees described as a more "family-oriented" event like the Winter Olympics or mega sporting events more generally. Available data suggests, however, that during presumably less "family-centred" international sporting events like the 2006 and 2010 FIFA World Cups, the anticipated or forecasted level of demand did not materialize. The key recommendations that emerged from the interview data included the following: - Examine the histories of and the lessons learned from previous international sporting events as well as the policies and practices implemented by other host nations/regions. This would include an analysis of the anticipated fan base. - Engage in an early assessment of the risk of human trafficking in the host country/region/city using an evidence-based approach, and develop appropriate prevention strategies accordingly. Labour trafficking should receive equivalent attention to trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation, and prevention initiatives, including guiding principles for employers, should be initiated during the infrastructure and venue construction phase. - Establish mechanisms based on a consistent definitional methodology to track trafficking in persons information, data, and measurements, and conduct data collection prior, during, and after the event. - Strategic planning and implementation should include the development of a clearly defined human trafficking prevention plan with milestones and benchmarks, the fostering of partnerships, networks, coordination, and information sharing among relevant government agencies, enforcement bodies, and with NGOs, and the establishment of appropriate investigative protocols and referral mechanisms to monitor the situation on the ground and to respond to the support needs of trafficked persons. Key partnerships and consultations on strategic planning should also involve Indigenous, youth, sex worker, and migrant worker organizations/advocates as well as grassroots community-based groups. - In consultation with relevant NGOs and community-based partners, ensure that relevant and funded service strategies are in place to serve the needs of trafficked persons, as well as irregular migrant workers (including free and confidential legal advice and representation, interpreters, and translation). - Conduct targeted trafficking in persons awareness training of enforcement personnel (police officers, immigration and border officials), criminal justice officials, labour inspectors, first responders and NGO partners, as well as private sector employers and employees in such areas as construction, hospitality services, and transportation. This instruction should also include "sensitivity training" of all security and enforcement officers seconded to the event. Special attention should be paid to non-discriminatory treatment of foreign nationals at ports of entry and temporary foreign workers regardless of labour site, as well as to the rights, safety, and needs of marginalized, stigmatized, vulnerable, and diverse local populations whose lives and work might be negatively impacted by the influx of tourists, an enhanced security and enforcement apparatus in their communities, as well as by certain anti-trafficking interventions. - Devise and initiate a national or regional trafficking in persons public awareness campaign, with input from all relevant community stakeholders. Such a campaign should be accurate, evidence-based, and adhere to the principle of "do no harm." While the above recommendations are consistent with those found in assessments of other mega sporting events, two additional themes emerged from the interview data. The first focused on the important need to foster collaborative partnerships and consultations on strategic planning with communities with on-the-ground knowledge of trafficking in persons and those whose lives and work might be adversely affected by the enhanced security and enforcement presence and anti-trafficking interventions during international sporting events. In the context of the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver, the beginnings of such a model was evident and could be extended to include other grassroots, community-based representatives. The second theme concentrated on the critical necessity to adopt an evidence-based strategic approach and practice. Applicable to governmental, enforcement, and non-governmental agencies, this underlying principle would shape the planning and implementation of human trafficking prevention strategies, public awareness and media campaigns, as well as necessary assistance measures for trafficked persons should the need materialize. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2013. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9,. 2017 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/wntr-gms-2010/wntr-gms-2010-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/wntr-gms-2010/wntr-gms-2010-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 131176 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Olympics Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers Sporting Events

Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Enhancing the Safety and Sustainability of the Return and Reintegration of Victims of Trafficking: Lessons Learnt from the CARE and TACT Projects Summary: This report follows on from the implementation of two distinct but complementary projects implemented by IOM: Coordinated Approach for the Reintegration of victims of trafficking returning voluntarily to any third country (CARE project) and Transnational Action - Safe and sustainable return and reintegration for victims of Trafficking returning voluntarily to priority countries: Albania, Morocco and Ukraine (TACT project). The two projects involved a total of 9 European Union Member States (EU MS) - Austria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom - committed to improving the return and reintegration programmes available for Victims of Trafficking (VoTs), in order to make the process safer and more sustainable, and to reduce the risks of re-trafficking. Bearing this objective in mind, IOM endeavored through the implementation of both projects to develop, implement, and fine-tune Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the Return and Reintegration of Victims of Trafficking, ensuring a continuum of care. This joint report aims to gather and share the lessons learnt through the implementation of both projects, suggesting a way forward for the establishment of transnational referral mechanisms between EU MS and third countries. The issue of transnational referral mechanisms is a key priority in the current EU anti-trafficking efforts, as mentioned in the EU Anti-trafficking Strategy for the period 2012-2016. . As part of the introduction, this report will start with an overview of the key concepts and legal framework relating to trafficking and voluntary return, analyzing their linkage, and a brief explanation of the content of the EU Anti-trafficking Strategy, in the framework of which both the CARE and TACT projects are implemented. The first section will present in detail the CARE and TACT projects objectives and activities. The second section will go through the lessons drawn from the implementation of the CARE project and propose recommendations to enhance the assistance and protection provided to returning VoTs. The third and final section will go a step further, presenting some reflections in turn on the concept of the Transnational Referral Mechanism (TRM) and its possible concrete implementation throughout the EU and third countries. The international legislative framework on human trafficking is governed by the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and its two Additional Protocols. The Convention, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly through resolution 55/252 on 15 November 2000, entered into force on 29 September 2003. It is complemented by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children , also known as the Palermo Protocol (entered into force on 25 December 2003) and the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air , which entered into force on 28 January 2004. According to Article 3 (a) of the Palermo Protocol, "Human trafficking" can be described as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs". Details: Paris, France: IOM, 2014. 126p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2017 at: http://iomfrance.org/sites/default/files/Enhancing%20the%20Safety%20and%20Sustainability%20of%20the%20Return%20and%20Reintegration%20of%20VoTs.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://iomfrance.org/sites/default/files/Enhancing%20the%20Safety%20and%20Sustainability%20of%20the%20Return%20and%20Reintegration%20of%20VoTs.pdf Shelf Number: 145474 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sex Trafficking Trafficking in Organs Victim Services Victims of Trafficking

Author: Loyola University New Orleans Title: Labor and Sex Trafficking Among Homeless Youth. A Ten-City Study Executive Summary Summary: Human trafficking - the exploitation of a person's labor through force, fraud, or coercion - is a crime whose victims tend to be society's most vulnerable. People who are homeless, lack a support system, or are desperate for work are susceptible to the promises of people who would exploit them for labor and for sex. Recently, homeless youth providers in the United States and Canada have become aware that their clients are particularly at risk of trafficking, and research has begun to uncover the extent and contours of the problem within that community. Between February 2014 and June 2016, researchers from Loyola University New Orleans's Modern Slavery Research Project (MSRP) were invited by Covenant House International and ten of their individual sites in the United States and Canada to serve as external experts to study the prevalence and nature of human trafficking among homeless youth aged 17 to 25. MSRP researchers interviewed 641 homeless and runaway youth who access services through Covenant House's network of shelters, transitional living and apartment programs, and drop-in centers. Youth were invited to participate, on a voluntary basis, in a point-in-time study about work experience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using the Human Trafficking Interview and Assessment Measure (HTIAM-14) to assess whether youth had been trafficked for sex or labor in their lifetimes. Details: New Orleans: Loyola University New Orleans, 2016. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2017 at: https://www.covenanthouse.org/landing/trafficking/docs/Loyola-Research-Results.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.covenanthouse.org/landing/trafficking/docs/Loyola-Research-Results.pdf Shelf Number: 145659 Keywords: Forced Labor Homeless Youth Runaways Sex Trafficking

Author: Verite Title: Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains: Research on Risk in 43 Commodities Worldwide Summary: More than twenty million men, women and children around the world are currently believed to be victims of human trafficking, a global criminal industry estimated to be worth $150.2 billion annually. As defined in the US Department of State's 2014 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report), the terms "trafficking in persons" and "human trafficking" refer broadly to "the act of recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion," irrespective of whether the person has been moved from one location to another. Trafficking in persons includes practices such as coerced sex work by adults or children, forced labor, bonded labor or debt bondage, involuntary domestic servitude, forced child labor, and the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Many different factors indicate that an individual may be in a situation of trafficking. Among the most clear-cut indicators are the experience of coercive or deceptive recruitment, restricted freedom of movement, retention of identity documents by employers, withholding of wages, debt bondage, abusive working and living conditions, forced overtime, isolation, and physical or sexual violence. The United States Government is broadly committed to combating trafficking in persons, as guided by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000, and the UN Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. In September 2012, the United States took an unprecedented step in the fight against human trafficking with the release of a presidential executive order (EO) entitled "Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts." In issuing this EO, the White House acknowledged that "as the largest single purchaser of goods and services in the world, the US Government has a responsibility to combat human trafficking at home and abroad, and to ensure American tax dollars do not contribute to this affront to human dignity." The EO prohibits human trafficking activities not just by federal prime contractors, but also by their employees, subcontractors, and subcontractor employees. Subsequent amendments to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the Defense Acquisition Regulations System (DFARS) in the wake of the EO will affect a broad range of federal contracts, and will require scrutiny by prime contractors of subcontractor labor practices to a degree that has not previously been commonplace. Top level contractors will now need to look actively at the labor practices of their subcontractors and suppliers, and to consider the labor involved in production of inputs even at the lowest tiers of their supply chains. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2017. 355p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 25, 2017 at: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EO-and-Commodity-Reports-Combined-FINAL-2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EO-and-Commodity-Reports-Combined-FINAL-2017.pdf Shelf Number: 145793 Keywords: Child Labor Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking Supply Chains

Author: FishWise Title: Trafficked: Human Rights Abuses in the Seafood Industry Summary: It is important for companies to focus on social responsibility in supply chains, especially human rights, in order to demonstrate a real commitment to people, planet, and profit. Documentation of human trafficking and forced labor in seafood supply chains has been growing with increasing media attention, nongovernmental organization (NGO) investigations, and government reports. Discussions of environmental sustainability within the seafood industry are now commonplace, but efforts to improve human rights in the industry are nascent and just beginning to gain the momentum necessary to catalyze real change. In the last five years, seafood companies have created sustainable seafood sourcing policies, and are now working to meet the commitments within them. Human and labor rights are often not incorporated into these policies for seafood, as the historical focus of such efforts has been on industries such as coffee, minerals, and textiles. The seafood industry is not free of these concerns however, and the time is ripe for companies to expand their sustainable seafood policies to address these issues. This is appropriate because environmental sustainability and human rights issues do not operate independently. Vessels and companies operating illegally often commit environmental and social crimes in tandem. Eliminating human rights abuses in seafood supply chains is not an easy task. Challenges include corruption, exemptions within international standards for fishing vessels, lack of transparency via the use of flags of convenience and transhipment, the globalized nature of the supply chain, lack of enforcement, incomplete traceability, and the prevalence of illegal fishing. Amidst these challenges there are also opportunities. Brand value, shareholder opinion, and corporate social responsibility can benefit from companies addressing this issue in an honest and transparent manner. After improvements have been made, companies can actively promote the associated success stories, such as social and fair trade compliance, engagement in fishery improvements, and support for entrepreneurial ventures in the developing world. An important step toward mitigating, and eventually eliminating these risks is to ensure comprehensive traceability systems are in place throughout the supply chain. Additionally, companies need to create policies to ensure specific attention is paid to address human rights in seafood supply chains. Conducting a risk assessment, seeking certification, and creating fishery improvement projects to address deficiencies can help companies improve and meet their commitments. Engaging with countries to ratify and implement relevant legislation, eliminating illegal fishing globally, and contributing financially to international efforts to aid victims of trafficking will also enable progress. Lastly, communicating success stories and transparent self-reporting will inform consumers and stakeholders of the problem and ensure they are aware of companies' progress towards eliminating modern slavery and illegal fishing. This white paper aims to: 1) serve as a resource for seafood businesses seeking to prevent and eliminate human rights abuses in their supply chains and 2) improve the knowledge base and coordination of NGOs and other groups working on human and labor rights within the industry. It provides an overview of human rights issues in seafood supply chains, and then explores how more than fifty international and regional government programs, certification systems, NGOs, companies, and industry groups are working on human and labor rights. Companies can review the recommended next steps in this report to address human rights within their own businesses Details: Santa Cruz, CA: FishWise, 2013. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2017 at: https://www.fishwise.org/images/pdfs/fishwise_human_rights_seafood_white_paper_nov_2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: https://www.fishwise.org/images/pdfs/fishwise_human_rights_seafood_white_paper_nov_2013.pdf Shelf Number: 145801 Keywords: Fishing Industry Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Maritime Crime Modern Slavery Seafood Industry Supply Chains

Author: FishWise Title: Trafficked II: An Updated Summary of Human Rights Abuses in the Seafood Industry Summary: Media outlets are increasingly covering human rights abuses in seafood supply chains all over the world. Unfortunately, many seafood companies who have worked hard to create environmentally sustainable seafood sourcing policies remain unaware that human rights abuses are occurring, most likely in their own supply chains. These companies have made a commitment to provide their customers with environmentally sustainable seafood products, a commitment that could be undermined by these human rights abuses. Trafficking and forced labor, among other abuses, have been documented in several supply chains of popular seafood items in the United States. In such supply chains human rights abuses are not the only concern - often fishing interests that commit social crimes against their workers are also committing environmental crimes. The time has come for companies to take responsibility for both environmental sustainability and social aspects of their seafood supply chains. This can reduce the risk of negative attention as documented human rights abuses continue to grab headlines and also provide opportunities to improve brand value with consumers. This is the second release of a white paper that aims to serve as a resource for seafood businesses seeking to prevent and eliminate such human rights abuses. It provides an overview of both human rights issues in seafood supply chains and the major challenges to reform, including corruption, lack of transparency, lack of enforcement, and the prevalence of illegal fishing. It explores how more than fifty international and regional government programs, certification systems, NGOs, companies, and industry groups are working on human and labor rights. Companies can use the recommended steps in this report to address human rights in an honest and transparent manner. This report can also serve as a tool to help conservation NGOs and human rights experts join forces to improve human rights in the seafood industry. Human rights experts have traditionally focused their work on industries such as coffee, minerals and textiles and are not familiar with the seafood industry. Many ocean conservation groups lack this expertise, but have extensive knowledge of the seafood industry. This paper explores ways to connect these two important allies. This revised version includes: - An updated summary of media stories and reports on human rights abuses in seafood supply chains that have been released since November 2013. - The results of an online survey of the following stakeholder groups: NGOs, the seafood industry, and seafood consumers. - Additional groups working on human rights that could serve as resources on these issues. Details: Santa Cruz, CA: FishWise, 2014. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2017 at: https://www.fishwise.org/images/pdfs/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: https://www.fishwise.org/images/pdfs/Trafficked_II_FishWise_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 145804 Keywords: Fishing Industry Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Maritime Crime Modern Slavery Seafood Industry Supply Chains

Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Report on Human Trafficking, Forced Labour and Fisheries Crime in the Indonesian Fishing Industry Summary: In 2015 the mass rescue of foreign fishers trafficked for labour exploitation on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels in Benjina and Ambon highlighted the lack of adequate policing of the fishing industry and a lack of scrutiny of working conditions on vessels and in fish processing plants. The case highlighted the expansive nature of this transnational criminal venture. Victims were recruited from numerous countries and forced to work illegally within Indonesia. National laws and regulations were breached and international conventions ignored. Front companies were established and illegally caught fish transshipped in the Indonesian EEZ and boundary areas, thus preventing interception by the Indonesian authorities. Ultimately the catch entered the global supply chain and was handled by legitimate suppliers of fish, unaware of its provenance and the human toll behind the catch. The situation in Benjina and Ambon is symptomatic of a much broader and insidious trade in people, not only in the Indonesian and Thai fishing industries, but indeed globally. This research provides a glimpse into a far-reaching and well-entrenched criminal industry operating alongside the legitimate fishing industry, and often overlapping. The situation represents the spread of transnational organized crime at sea and the threat it poses as a maritime security threat to nations, and a human security threat to fishers, seafarers and fishing communities. Human Trafficking and Forced Labour in Indonesia fishing industry is characterized by: - systematic and highly organized deceptive recruitment and exploitation of fishers and seafarers from multiple source countries in South East Asia; witness testimony of murder and the unlawful disposal of corpses; - extreme cases of labour exploitation with fishers working in excess of 20 hours per day up to 7 days per week; and - a lack of awareness at the local level of human trafficking and forced labour and associated criminal activity. IUU fishing in Indonesia is characterized by: - overlapping Indonesian government legislation and regulations has created confusion over the responsibilities of key government bodies responsible for the oversight of worker recruitment, conditions, and monitoring of fishing companies, manning agencies, and fishing vessels; - collaboration of more than 2 people: double-flagged vessels are registered in two different countries. This act of forging the deletion certificate is done by at least the ship-owner, the backers and field actors; - suspected commission of serious criminal offences: illegal fishers violate numerous laws, from deactivating the transmitter, using prohibited and destructive fishing gear, illegal transshipment, forging vessel documents and the logbook; - foreign masters working illegally for indefinite periods of time: although there has been a national law prohibiting the use of foreign crews, there are still lots of foreign fishing masters working on board vessels undertaking lengthy voyages. This shows that there is considerable planning to conduct the crime; - the pursuit of profit and/or power: the very reason for fisheries crime is to gain more profit and financial benefits with the least minimum effort in regards to compliance and exploiting the corruptible tendencies of some high level authorities and politicians; - operating at an international level: illegal fishers operate in multiple countries, fish in various areas, fly flags of convenience and land their catch directly to another State, and sell the fish in the international market at high cost; and - using commercial or businesslike structures: most illegal fishing operations are managed using large companies, often established with foreign investment, have valid licences, yet they are violating laws and evading taxes. - That port authorities record the movements of vessels, particularly foreign affiliated vessels; - That port officials fisheries investigators be trained in identifying indicators of human trafficking , forced labour and IUU fishing; - Minimise overlapping regulation / authority between Government agencies; - That all deaths on board fishing vessels or in port are investigated and an autopsy performed; - That Flag States take more responsibility for the actions of IUU Fishing vessels flying under their flags; - Efforts to establish a global vessel record (registry) are supported; - Support increased inspections and accessibility to fishing vessels and remote fish processing plants; - Support an increased role for investigators (navy, marine police and fisheries) to conduct inspections of fishing vessels for evidence of trafficking and IUU fishing; - Conduct human rights due diligence and human rights audits on fishing companies before issuing licences; - Establish centres for fishers and seafarers at ports (centre for fishers to report abuse, injuries, deaths and seek protection); - Support multi-agency inspections and investigations at ports; - Introduce a multi traceability policy to prevent human rights violations and reduce IUU fishing; and - Increase and consumer awareness of human trafficking in the fishing industry. Details: Geneva, SWIT: IOM, 2016. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2017 at: https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia URL: https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf Shelf Number: 145805 Keywords: Fishing Industry Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Illegal Fishing Maritime Crime Modern Slavery Port Security

Author: Amnesty International Title: Turning People into Profits: Abusive Recruitment, Trafficking and Forced Labour of Nepali Migrant Workers Summary: In the absence of decent work opportunities at home, millions of Nepali citizens have turned to the global economy for employment. With more than 400,000 people leaving every year for jobs abroad, migration is a key source of income for the country. But although wages sent home by Nepali migrant workers make up almost a third of the country's GDP, a shockingly low proportion of the Nepal government's budget - less than one percent - is allocated annually to government departments mandated to protect the rights of labour migrants. Poor government oversight over the recruitment of Nepali workers for foreign employment have opened up countless possibilities for fraud, extortion, trafficking, and exploitation of people desperate for work. This report provides fresh evidence that despite recently-introduced government reforms, entrenched patterns of abuse of Nepali migrant workers remain unaddressed. During recruitment processes, local agents and recruitment agents in Nepal are still able to deceive and exploit migrants without significant fear of being caught or punished. New government policies meant to improve the protection of migrant workers' rights, and drastically reduce what recruitment businesses can charge workers, have not been adequately resourced, monitored, or enforced. Migrants remain at risk of crippling indebtedness, forced labour, and various forms of exploitation throughout the migration process. The report makes recommendations for the Government of Nepal, governments of destination countries and businesses to ensure that migrant workers are treated with respect and dignity, and that their migration experiences are not marked by deception, indebtedness and coercion. Details: London; AI, 2017. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 6, 2017 at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa31/6206/2017/ne/ Year: 2017 Country: Nepal URL: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa31/6206/2017/ne/ Shelf Number: 145935 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Migrant Workers Migration

Author: Murphy, Laura T. Title: Labor and Sex Trafficking Among Homeless Youth: A Ten-City Study Summary: Human trafficking - the exploitation of a person's labor through force, fraud, or coercion - is a crime whose victims tend to be society's most vulnerable. People who are homeless, lack a support system, or are desperate for work are susceptible to the promises of people who would exploit them for labor and for sex. Recently, homeless youth providers in the United States and Canada have become aware that their clients are particularly at risk of trafficking and research has begun to uncover the extent and contours of the problem within that community. Between February 2014 and June 2016, researchers from Loyola University New Orleans's Modern Slavery Research Project (MSRP) were invited by Covenant House International and ten of their individual sites in the United States and Canada to serve as external experts to study the prevalence and nature of human trafficking among homeless youth aged 17 to 25. MSRP researchers interviewed 641 homeless and runaway youth who access services through Covenant House's network of shelters, transitional living and apartment programs, and drop-in centers. Youth were invited to participate, on a voluntary basis, in a point-in-time study about work experience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using the Human Trafficking Interview and Assessment Measure (HTIAM-14) to assess whether youth had been trafficked for sex or labor in their lifetimes. Details: New Orleans: Loyola University New Orleans, 2017. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 31, 2017 at: http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/73f135_ca561f855f2b47519683ccf342074d6d.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/73f135_ca561f855f2b47519683ccf342074d6d.pdf Shelf Number: 146624 Keywords: Forced Labor Homeless Persons Homelessness Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sex Trafficking

Author: Verite Title: Risk Analysis of Labor Violations Among Farmworkers in the Guatemalan Sugar Sector: A Summary Report on Findings from Rapid Appraisal Research Summary: Guatemala plays a major role in the global sugar trade, as the world's fourth largest sugar exporter and the third leading exporter of sugar to the United States in 2015. Verite chose to carry out rapid appraisal research on labor conditions on Guatemalan sugarcane plantations due to Guatemala's important role in the global sugar trade and indications that workers employed on sugarcane plantations were vulnerable to exploitation. Past studies on labor conditions among Guatemalan and Central American agricultural workers, as well as Verite's past research in the Guatemalan coffee and palm oil sectors, indicated a high risk of labor violations. Rapid appraisal research was carried out by Verite and REACH (Research-Education Action-Change) on labor conditions in Guatemalan sugarcane production in late 2016. Researchers conducted a literature review, expert consultations, unstructured life story interviews with three workers, and in-depth survey interviews with 38 workers who performed a range of tasks on sugar plantations, including harvesting sugarcane. Verite's research builds from several earlier reports examining working conditions in the Guatemalan sugar industry and uses it to contextualize Verite's more recent findings. Researchers did not scientifically sample respondents, and thus the results of the study are not statistically representative and are not meant to be interpreted as such. However, using qualitative research methods, the researchers have been able to portray a rich description of the experiences of a group of Guatemalan sugarcane workers, some of whom endured highly concerning labor abuses. Verite's triangulation of these findings through review of relevant literature and interviews with local experts suggests that the experiences of workers interviewed were not isolated or unusual, but reflective of systemic issues within the industry. Additional in-depth research would be required to document the prevalence of the labor abuses found here in a more precise and conclusive manner. Verite found indicators of labor trafficking and evidence of recruitment abuses, child labor, restrictions on workers' right to freedom of association, gender-based discrimination, wage and hour violations, threats to workers' health and safety, inhumane living conditions, and negative impacts on communities surrounding sugar plantations. Issues uncovered by Verite that were especially concerning and had not been specifically analyzed by prior research included exploitative recruitment and hiring practices, indicators of labor trafficking, and severe health and safety violations. Verite research has consistently found that being hired through labor brokers increases workers' vulnerability to a range of labor abuses. Most of the workers interviewed by Verite for this study had been hired by labor brokers, none of whom showed their recruits a power of attorney letter, as required by law. Verite research found that workers hired through brokers were often charged recruitment fees and wage deductions, potentially heightening their vulnerability to debt bondage, and were deceived both about their terms of employment, in some cases even about the sector in which they would be working. Furthermore, researchers found that workers were not provided with written contracts or other documents detailing the terms of their employment, making them vulnerable to deception and changes in their conditions of work. Research on human trafficking was guided by the International Labor Organization's (ILO's) operational indicators of trafficking for labor exploitation, which are broken down into indicators of deceptive recruitment, coercive recruitment, recruitment by abuse of vulnerability, exploitation, and coercion at destination. Verite found evidence of the existence of many indicators of forced labor including the recruitment-related issues mentioned above, many of which are also indicators of trafficking. Other major trafficking-related risks identified by Verite included forced overtime, due in large part to quotas and a productivity-based payment system; restrictions on workers' freedom of movement, including through the retention of identity documents; indebtedness to labor brokers and company stores; and evidence of induced addiction to drugs, including opioids. Sugarcane production, by its nature, puts workers at risk, often requiring physically demanding labor with machetes and long hours of exposure to high temperatures, agrochemicals, and smoke from burning cane fields. Workers are vulnerable to heat exhaustion and dehydration, as well as workplace injuries and chronic kidney disease (CKD), an often fatal and poorly understood illness common among cane cutters. Findings that are of specific concern were serious injuries and pesticide exposure; a lack of access to potable water, breaks, and shade, which, combined with other factors are believed to cause CKD; and a lack of access to health care. Many workers interviewed reported that children worked on sugar plantations and often carried out hazardous tasks, such as applying pesticides and using machetes to harvest sugarcane. Workers reported that payment violations are common, including payments far below the minimum wage and gender-based wage discrimination. Researchers found that many workers lacked access to sufficient food and potable water in employer provided housing. Workers also lacked access to grievance mechanisms allowing them to report labor abuses and seek redress. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2017. 13op. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 7, 2017 at: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Verite_Guatemala_Sugar_Report_July_2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Guatemala URL: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Verite_Guatemala_Sugar_Report_July_2017.pdf Shelf Number: 146756 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Labor Conditions Sugar Industry

Author: Ricard-Guay, Alexandra Title: Addressing demand in the context of trafficking in the domestic work sector: perspectives from seven European countries Summary: Trafficking in human beings covers various forms of coercion and exploitation of women, men and children. Responses to trafficking have traditionally focused on combating the criminal networks involved in it or protecting the human rights of victims. However, European countries are increasingly exploring ways in which to influence the demand for services or products involving the use of trafficked persons or for the trafficked persons themselves. DemandAT aims to understand the role of demand in the trafficking of human beings and to assess the impact and potential of demand-side measures to reduce trafficking, drawing on insights on regulating demand from related areas. DemandAT takes a comprehensive approach to investigating demand and demand-side policies in the context of trafficking. The research includes a strong theoretical and conceptual component through an examination of the concept of demand in trafficking from a historical and economic perspective. Regulatory approaches are studied in policy areas that address demand in illicit markets, in order to develop a better understanding of the impact that the different regulatory approaches can have on demand. Demand-side arguments in different fields of trafficking as well as demand-side policies of selected countries are examined, in order to provide a better understanding of the available policy options and impacts. Finally, the research also involves in-depth case studies both of the particular fields in which trafficking occurs (domestic work, prostitution, the globalised production of goods) and of particular policy approaches (law enforcement and campaigns). The overall goal is to develop a better understanding of demand and demand-factors in the context of designing measures and policies addressing all forms of trafficking in human beings. The research is structured in three phases: Phase 1: Analysis of the theoretical and empirical literature on demand in the context of trafficking and on regulating demand in different disciplines, fields and countries. From January 2014-June 2015. Phase 2: Three in-depth empirical case studies of different fields of trafficking - domestic work, prostitution, imported goods - and two studies on different policy approaches: law enforcement actors and campaigns. From September 2014- December 2016. Phase 3: Integrating project insights into a coherent framework with a focus on dissemination. From January 2017-June 2017. This report examines the demand-side of trafficking in the domestic work sector based on seven country studies (Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK). The report i) provides an overview of the phenomenon of trafficking in domestic work, ii) examines the factors influencing the demand in the context of trafficking, and iii) discusses key challenges in responding to and tackling this issue. The paper argues that measures addressing the demand-side (employers/labour market) can hardly be separated from tackling the 'supply' side, namely addressing the workers' situations. Domestic workers face vulnerabilities to exploitation: the work is performed in private homes within intimate relationships characterised by dependency and power imbalance, very often within informal and live-in arrangements. Some policies may also foster the precariousness of migrant domestic workers. Preventing trafficking from occurring and discouraging inappropriate demand includes the reduction of vulnerability to abuse on the side of workers and the limitation of the opportunities for exploitation on the side of employers. Thus, a holistic approach must be adopted to address the demand-side of trafficking. Establishing stronger regulations for domestic work is crucial, but it is not sufficient without simultaneously seeking ways of empowering domestic workers and fostering change in social norms and employers' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes that tend to undervalue domestic work. Details: Vienna, Austria: DemandAT, 2016. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Working Paper no. 7: Accessed August 8, 2017 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP7_RicardGuay_DomesticWork_Trafficking_Final_0.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP7_RicardGuay_DomesticWork_Trafficking_Final_0.pdf Shelf Number: 146778 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: McGrath, Siobhan Title: Addressing the demand side in and through supply chains: Mapping the field of initiatives around human trafficking forced labour and slavery Summary: This working paper presents the first piece of data collection and analysis from WP9 'Globalised Production of Goods,' part of the overall DemandAT project. The paper offers a preliminary analysis of an inventory of initiatives around human trafficking and supply chains. We first consider how demand may be understood in the context of supply chains in relation to concerns around trafficking, forced labour and/or slavery (TFLS). We further begin to map the field of interventions at the TFLS-supply chain nexus. We analyse the range of actors involved, the forms that the initiatives take in terms of the mechanisms by which they would operate, and the scope of initiatives both in terms of industry and geography. The field of initiatives at the TFLS-supply chain nexus is seen to be growing quickly, and exhibits a high degree of variegation. Details: Vienna, Austria: DemandAT, 2017. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Working Paper No. 8: Accessed August 8, 2017 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP8_McGrathMieres_SupplyChains_Final.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_WP8_McGrathMieres_SupplyChains_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 146780 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Supply Chains

Author: Mieres, Fabiola Title: Globalised Production of Goods: Project report Summary: This report gathers the experience and presents the emerging results of research conducted by academics at Durham University's Geography Department on 'Globalised Production of Goods,' their contribution to thet DemandAT project. Data collection and preliminary analysis were carried out by Fabiola Mieres, PhD during the period November 2014-November 2016 and supervised by Siobhan McGrath, PhD. The overall aim of the research is to analyse existing and proposed initiatives to address trafficking, forced labour and/or (contemporary) slavery (which we term TFLS) in supply chains. The report is structured around the two key forms of data collection we conducted: first, the identification and mapping of 97 initiatives in the nascent field of governance over TFLS in and through supply chains (the TFLS-supply chain nexus). The dataset shows the variegated forms that this governance takes. Its construction further served as a source from which to choose case studies for further analysis by locating a group of initiatives in particular sectors. Second, we discuss the three case studies: electronics in Malaysia, construction in Qatar, and agriculture in the United States. Finally, preliminary conclusions are drawn with some indicators of potential areas for future research. Details: Vienna, Australia: DemandAT, 2017. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT WP 9 Case Study: Accessed August 8, 2017 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_Globalised_Production_of_Goods_ProjectReport.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_Globalised_Production_of_Goods_ProjectReport.pdf Shelf Number: 146782 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Supply Chains

Author: Australia. Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Title: Modern slavery and global supply chains. Interim report Summary: With reference to the United Kingdom's Modern Slavery Act 2015 and to relevant findings from the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade's report, Trading Lives: Modern Day Human Trafficking, the Committee shall examine whether Australia should adopt a comparable Modern Slavery Act. The Committee shall have particular regard to: 1 The nature and extent of modern slavery (including slavery, forced labour and wage exploitation, involuntary servitude, debt bondage, human trafficking, forced marriage and other slavery-like exploitation) both in Australia and globally; 2 The prevalence of modern slavery in the domestic and global supply chains of companies, businesses and organisations operating in Australia; 3 Identifying international best practice employed by governments, companies, businesses and organisations to prevent modern slavery in domestic and global supply chains, with a view to strengthening Australian legislation; 4 The implications for Australia's visa regime, and conformity with the Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children regarding federal compensation for victims of modern slavery; 5 Provisions in the United Kingdom's legislation which have proven effective in addressing modern slavery, and whether similar or improved measures should be introduced in Australia; 6 Whether a Modern Slavery Act should be introduced in Australia; and 7 Any other related matters. Details: Canberra: The Committee, 2017. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2017 at: http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/committees/reportjnt/024092/toc_pdf/Modernslaveryandglobalsupplychains.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/committees/reportjnt/024092/toc_pdf/Modernslaveryandglobalsupplychains.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf Shelf Number: 147004 Keywords: Debt Bondage Domestic Workers Forced Labor Forced Marriage Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Supply Chaings Wage Exploitation

Author: CORE Coalition Title: Risk Averse? Company reporting on raw material and sector-specific risks under the Transparency in Supply Chains clause in the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015 Summary: Background Section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, the Transparency in Supply Chains Reporting clause requires all commercial organisations with an annual turnover of more than L36 million operating in the UK to publish a Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement. Section 54(5) of the Act describes the information that may be included in a statement: - the organisation's structure, its business and its supply chains; - its policies in relation to slavery and human trafficking; - its due diligence processes in relation to slavery and human trafficking in its business and supply chains; - the parts of its business and supply chains where there is a risk of slavery and human trafficking taking place, and the steps it has taken to assess and manage that risk; - its effectiveness in ensuring that slavery and human trafficking is not taking place in its business or supply chains, measured against such performance indicators as it considers appropriate; - the training and capacity building about slavery and human trafficking available to its staff. The reporting requirement commenced on 29th October 2015 and it is estimated that between 12,000 and 17,000 companies are within its scope. The Home Office recommends that companies report within six months of their financial year end and as businesses with a year end of 31 March 2016 were the first in line to comply, accordingly all companies covered by the requirement should have reported by the end of September 2017. At the time of writing, just over 3,000 statements were available on the Modern Slavery Registry website. The report The objective of this report is to provide a snapshot of company Slavery and Human Trafficking Statements published in compliance with the TISC clause. We chose to focus on companies that produce or provide products and services which reach a large number of customers and/or other businesses, and to complement the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre's analysis of FTSE 100 statements by looking at smaller companies, those listed on other exchanges and private firms. The report's focus is companies who source raw materials associated with a heightened risk of modern slavery - cocoa from West Africa, mined gold, mica from India, palm oil from Indonesia, and tea from Assam - and companies operating in sectors that are widely recognized as being at heightened risk: garment production; hotels and accommodation; construction; football clubs (which due to the nature of their businesses include a wide range of functions including hospitality and retailing manufactured goods); and outsourcing companies. We look at 50 companies' Slavery and Human Trafficking statements; 25 from companies sourcing raw materials, five each under each material; 25 from at-risk sectors, five from each sector. We explore if and how companies include information on the particular raw material and sector-specific risks in their statements, looking particularly at the description of their operations and supply chains and their due diligence. These areas correspond broadly with points (a), (c) and (d) of s54(5) of the Act. We also looked for relevant information in other documents available on the companies' websites, for instance Codes of Conduct. We were interested in the extent to which companies are making connections between the risk of slavery and human trafficking, wider labour rights issues (such as wages and working hours) and economic factors, most notably the price paid for raw materials. The report itself does not allege directly that any of the named companies have slavery or human trafficking in their operations or supply chains. Where references are made to previously published materials making such allegations, we provide a link to the company response, where available. Details: London: CORE Coalition, 2017. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2017 at: http://corporatejustice.org/171003_risk-averse-final-1.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://corporatejustice.org/171003_risk-averse-final-1.pdf Shelf Number: 147726 Keywords: Corporate Crime Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Supply Chains

Author: Focus on Labour Exploitation (FLEX) Title: Risky Business: Tackling Exploitation in the UK Labour Market Summary: This report sets out Focus on Labour Exploitation's (FLEX) action plan for a UK response to exploitation in the labour market. It starts by identifying the picture of risk to individuals of exploitation in the UK labour market, then presents solutions to such exploitation through: labour inspection and enforcement; gateways to advice and remedy; and corporate accountability. In so doing the report provides a comprehensive guide to an effective response to human trafficking for labour exploitation in the UK. Human trafficking for labour exploitation is at once a serious crime, a human rights breach and a violation of labour law. It takes place in almost every country in the world, yet is widely unrecognised, misunderstood and, as a result, neglected. Under both the United Nations Human Trafficking Protocol, and the ILO Forced Labour Protocol, the UK government has an obligation to prevent the exploitation of workers through abuse of their vulnerability. The ILO Forced Labour Protocol in particular requires States to address 'factors that heighten the risks of forced or compulsory labour', including by undertaking efforts to ensure that labour laws designed to prevent exploitation apply to all workers and all sectors of the economy. It is in this context that FLEX welcomes the role of the UK Director of Labour Market Enforcement (DLME). FLEX aims to ensure that the DLME establishes an evidence-based picture of risk in the UK labour market and devises worker and victim centred solutions to such risk to detect and prevent labour exploitation. To this end this report highlights examples of international best practice in the prevention of labour exploitation in comparable country contexts and highlights some of the obstacles to effective responses. Details: London: FLEX, 2017. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2017 at: http://www.labourexploitation.org/sites/default/files/publications/Risky%20Business_Tackling%20Exploitation%20in%20the%20UK%20Labour%20Market.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.labourexploitation.org/sites/default/files/publications/Risky%20Business_Tackling%20Exploitation%20in%20the%20UK%20Labour%20Market.pdf Shelf Number: 147960 Keywords: Forced labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation Trafficking for Labor Exploitation

Author: Bachinger, Almut Title: The Role of Labour Inspection in Addressing Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation Summary: The present working paper examines law enforcement in labour markets with regards to reducing demand in the context of trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation in five EU member-states. Four case studies in Austria, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and the UK and a less-intensive case study in Germany were conducted between June 2015 and May 2016. In all the countries we investigated bodies tasked to monitor labour conditions and compliance with labour standards and to enforce the relevant labour, social security and other laws, labour inspection services - in principle - have an important role in addressing trafficking for labour exploitation. Although labour inspectorates do not operate explicitly according to a concept of demand, there is consensus among the actors involved that the authorities tasked with the monitoring of labour standards and conditions influence employers' behaviour with regards to trafficking for labour exploitation and thus address employer demand. Stakeholders view labour inspectors' as an effective measure through which to tackle trafficking for labour exploitation. At the same time, monitoring of labour conditions and of breaches of labour standards as well as trafficking is constrained due to limited resources and, simultaneously, an increase in the tasks which labour inspectorates have to fulfil and the growing complexity of labour relations and conditions. Details: Vienna: Demand-Side Measures Against Trafficking, 2017. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Working Paper no. 12: Accessed November 29, 2017 at: http://demandat.eu/sites/default/files/WP11_WorkingPaper12_Labour%20Inspection_FINAL_0.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: http://demandat.eu/sites/default/files/WP11_WorkingPaper12_Labour%20Inspection_FINAL_0.pdf Shelf Number: 148527 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation

Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: Transparency in Supply Chains etc. A practical guide Summary: Section 54 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 requires certain organisations to develop a slavery and human trafficking statement each year. The slavery and human trafficking statement should set out what steps organisations have taken to ensure modern slavery is not taking place in their business or supply chains. This document provides guidance on: who is required to publish a statement how to write a slavery and human trafficking statement how to approve and publish the statement Details: London: Home Office, 2017. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2017 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/649906/Transparency_in_Supply_Chains_A_Practical_Guide_2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/649906/Transparency_in_Supply_Chains_A_Practical_Guide_2017.pdf Shelf Number: 148680 Keywords: Corporate Crime Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Supply Chains

Author: Newman, Graeme R. Title: The Exploitation of Trafficked Women Summary: This guide begins by describing the problem of exploiting women who have been trafficked into the United States, and the aspects of human trafficking that contribute to it. Throughout the guide, the word "trafficked" shall mean internationally trafficked, unless otherwise stated. Additionally, the guide's focus is on the final period in the process of trafficking at which women are further exploited by those into whose hands they are passed. This is the point at which human trafficking becomes a problem for local police and so the guide identifies a series of questions that can help analyze local problems related to trafficking. Finally, it reviews responses to the exploitation of trafficked women and examines what is known about the effectiveness of these responses from research and police practice. Concern about the exploitation of women who have been trafficked into the United States derives from the international issues of human trafficking and slavery. The characteristics of international human trafficking, including the profits, resemble those of the international drug trade. In the United States, until the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000, human trafficking was approached as an immigration problem, which meant that police viewed trafficking as a federal rather than a local responsibility. The TVPA clarified the definition of human trafficking-a particularly difficult problem, as will be seen below- and introduced a number of important protections for trafficked individuals (see Box 1). The TVPA defines two forms of severe human trafficking: a. "...sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age." b. "...the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery." Because some 70 percent of internationally trafficked women end up in the sex trade, the effect of the TVPA is to define many such women as crime victims rather than criminals. Whether pressed into forced labor or prostitution, the exploitation of these individuals is continued upon entry into the United States, whether in the same hands of those who trafficked them, or whether passed on to others who profit from commercial sex or cheap, often forced, labor. The TVPA does not require that a trafficked person be actually transported anywhere; it simply requires that the victim's freedom be constrained by force, fraud or coercion. The focus of this guide, however, is on those women who are transported into the United States for the purposes of commercial sex or forced labor. Details: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing 2006. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police; Problem-Specific Guides Series; No. 38; Accessed February 5, 2018 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/ExploitTraffickedWomen.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/ExploitTraffickedWomen.pdf Shelf Number: 102303 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Problem-Oriented Policing Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Contre la Traite Title: Child Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings in France # Invisibles Summary: In France, trafficking in human beings is defined in the Act of 5 August 2013. Trafficking in human beings is the fact of recruiting, transporting, transferring, lodging or receiving someone with a view to exploitation in one of the following circumstances: 1 Involving the use of threats, coercion, violence or deception aimed at the victim, their family or someone in regular contact with the victim; 2 By the person's legitimate, natural or adoptive ascendant relative or a person who has authority over them or abuses the authority conferred by their position; 3 By abusing a situation of vulnerability due to their age, an illness, infirmity, physical disability or mental health issue, or pregnancy, which is either apparent or known to the perpetrator; 4 In return for or by offering compensation or any benefit or a promise of compensation of benefits. The exploitation referred to in the first paragraph of article I is the fact of using the victim or making them available to a third party, even an unidentified party, to enable offences to be committed in respect of the victim, of procuring, sexual assault or abuse, enslavement, forced labour or the forced provision of services, reducing to servitude, the removal of an organ, exploitation of begging, housing or working conditions that are contrary to human dignity, or forcing the victim to commit any crime or offense. Details: s.l.: Contre la Traite, 2017. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 6, 2018 at: http://www.caritas.eu/sites/default/files/trafficking_-_invisibles_en_0.pdf Year: 2017 Country: France URL: http://www.caritas.eu/sites/default/files/trafficking_-_invisibles_en_0.pdf Shelf Number: 148994 Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Domestic Servitude Forced Begging Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: Thompson, Darla Jean Title: Circuits of Containment: Iron Collars, Incarceration and the Infrastructure of Slavery Summary: This dissertation documents the development of New Orleans and Louisiana from 1805-1861. I argue that iron collars emerged in the nineteenth century as technologies of torture, control, coercion, commodity production, and distribution. The use of iron collars by enslavers, in conjunction with chains, jails, the state penitentiary, and forced labor on municipal and state public works shows how technologies shaped enslaved peoples lives as they were captured, contained, and forced to be productive units of labor. By combining insights from scholarship in the fields of US slavery and technology, I argue that enslavers innovative uses of these technologies made the process of extracting labor from enslaved people more efficient and productive. By focusing on the punishing labor practices enslaved people endured in iron collars, jails, chain gangs, forced public works labor, and penitentiaries I show how the old and the new were used to "improve" enslaved people in order to keep them productive and profitable. In Chapter One, I examine the material experience of slaves wearing iron collars, including those with obstructions such as prongs, branches and bells. In Chapter Two, I examine the practices of incarceration in relationship to legislators' rhetoric about constructing a seamless economic circuit exploiting slave labor from plantation to prison factory in order to clothe an independent South. In Chapter Three, I examine how enslaved people who were either privately or publicly owned were used for to build and municipal and state infrastructure. State and city owned slaves, captured and jailed runaway slaves, and convicts from the state penitentiary labored to build roads, levees and clear rivers and bayous. Through these practices, enslaved people's lives embodied hard labor, blurring lines between enslavement and incarceration, as they were loaned, rented, borrowed, and bought, captured, and recaptured through spaces of punishment and labor in support of building and maintaining the infrastructure necessary for the production and distribution of commodities. Together, a range of technical practices were socially and economically shaped and produced through networks of people, objects, knowledge and ideology forming a socio-technical system for the control and containment of enslaved people as they struggled to be free. Details: Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2014. 233p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed February 27, 2018 at: https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/36009/djt36.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/36009/djt36.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 149265 Keywords: Chain Gangs Forced Labor Hard Labor Human Rights Abuses Slavery

Author: Latonero, Mark Title: Technology and Labor Trafficking in a Network Society. General Overview, Emerging Innovations, and Philippines Case Study Summary: While interviewing survivors of labor trafficking for this report, researchers heard from a young woman in the Philippines who applied for domestic work in the Middle East. She recounted the way her friend, already working abroad, had called and sent texts of encouragement and eventually put her in touch with a recruiter. She was promised that her documents would be arranged with an employer before her flight to begin work. Upon her departure, the recruiter said that plans had changed. She was told her work papers and airline ticket would be issued in Malaysia. The woman was put on a boat and spent over a week crossing the Sulu Sea from one island to another. She was isolated. Her only means of communication was her mobile phone. Not wanting to worry her family (they had high hopes for her employment), she communicated only with her friend, asking for advice and reassurance. Even if she had been able to access the Internet, it is unclear whether she possessed the skills or knowledge to search for the appropriate online resources. Once in Malaysia, she was put into a van with others. While traveling to an unknown destination they were apprehended by police. Interrogated and imprisoned, the young woman managed to sneak her phone into jail and made one last call. Finally, the friend passed along word of her plight and the Philippine government intervened. After a month in prison she was repatriated and is currently in a rehabilitation shelter in Manila. This report finds that isolation from the technologies and social networks that connect individuals to support and services is an indicator and risk factor for labor trafficking. Stories of isolation are unfortunately common in cases of labor trafficking. What is striking in the case above is the central role played by technology. The woman's mobile device both connects and disconnects her from illegal recruiters, employers, family, friends, social services, and assistance. This speaks to the larger premise of this report - new information and communication technologies (ICT's) have become an integral part of the networks that underpin labor trafficking in the 21st Century. Yet little research exists on the impact of technology in exacerbating or addressing the isolation, fraud, force, and/or coercion so often at the heart of trafficking cases. There is a lack of evidence-based research on any relationship between technology and labor trafficking either within or across national borders. To effectively intervene in labor trafficking, the impact of technology needs to be addressed by policy makers, governments, NGOs, researchers, and the private sector. Throughout the world, the rapid diffusion of technologies, such as social media, mobile devices, and the Internet, is impacting social, economic, and political life at an unprecedented scale. We live in a "network society" where technology and the flow of information are crucial forces of global social change. The network perspective helps us examine labor trafficking in a new way - not only as an economic, regulatory, or legal problem but as an issue driven by the technologies connecting networks of actors. This research report is the first to investigate the relationship between technology and labor trafficking. This project began in early 2014 and was made possible by a grant from Humanity United. The research builds upon the Technology and Human Trafficking Initiative, launched in 2010 at the Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy at the University of Southern California. The evidence gathered and analyzed in this report is based on public documents, websites, interviews with key stakeholders in the US and internationally, and fieldwork in the Philippines. With little previous research on the topic, this study is inherently exploratory. Thus this report's primary goal is to frame technology's impact on labor trafficking and to establish a set of definitions, theories, terms, themes, recommendations, and principles that can guide future research and policy. Details: Los Angeles: University of Southern California, Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy, 2015. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 9, 2018 at: https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/files/2015/10/USC_Tech-and-Labor-Trafficking_Feb2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Philippines URL: https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/files/2015/10/USC_Tech-and-Labor-Trafficking_Feb2015.pdf Shelf Number: 149415 Keywords: Domestic Workers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Mobile Technologies Mobile Telephones Online Communications Social Media Technology and Crime

Author: National Conference of State Legislatures Title: Safe Harbor: State Efforts to Combat Child Trafficking Summary: Child trafficking crimes - actions that facilitate the commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor of youth - present difficult criminal justice and human services challenges for government officials. State legislators, through the deliberation and enactment of policy, are at the forefront of the current intergovernmental effort to identify and implement effective procedures to combat child traffickers and pursue justice for survivors. A recent trend in state child trafficking policy focuses on treating trafficked youth as survivors of trauma who should be provided rehabilitative services rather than as perpetrators of crimes they were forced to commit. Policies created for this purpose are a subset of child trafficking measures often referred to as safe harbor laws. This report identifies six themes in state safe harbor laws and provides policy alternatives within each theme. The six themes are: Collaboration and coordination of state entities and resources. Decriminalization and/or diversion for actions of trafficked youth. Funds for anti-trafficking efforts and survivor services. Provision of services for youth survivors. Increased penalties for traffickers of children. Training to recognize and respond to trafficking crimes and its victims Details: Washington, DC: NCSL, 2017. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 19, 2018 at: http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/cj/SafeHarbor_v06.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 149504 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Protection Child Sex Trafficking Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Human Trafficking

Author: KnowTheChain Title: Food and Beverage Benchmark Findings Report. How are 20 of the largest companies addressing forced labor in their supply chains? Summary: According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), an estimated 21 million people are victims of forced labor around the world. As defined by the ILO, forced labor refers to "situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities." The agricultural sector alone (including forestry and fishing) generates an estimated US$9 billion in illegal profits from forced labor each year.1 The food and beverage industry is an at-risk sector. Forced labor occurs both in the production of raw materials and during the food processing stages of food and beverage companies' supply chains. Food commodities are produced by agricultural workers who often come from vulnerable groups such as women, international migrants, and internal migrants with little education. Weak labor laws and law enforcement in the sector, together with isolated workplaces where housing tends to be provided by the employer, aggravate the typically poor working conditions and can leave workers vulnerable and dependent on their employer. Evidence of forced labor can be found in numerous commodities and countries, such as rice from India or sugar from Brazil. Much of the recent media attention has focused on Thailand, and Thai companies are not only facing scrutiny on using forced labor in the seafood industry, but also in poultry production, for which the EU is the biggest export market. Fourteen workers who escaped a Thai poultry farm in 2016 reported abusive supervisors, long working hours, were only allowed to leave the farm for two hours a week under supervision, and sometimes were forced to sleep next to hatchlings.2 Forced labor is a global occurrence and also occurs in Western countries-it is linked to food products including strawberries from Germany, apples from the United Kingdom, and tomatoes from the United States.3 In fact, the Coalition of Immokalee Workers, a worker-based human rights organization, estimates that approximately 5% of all farm workers in the US are victims of forced labor, the majority of whom are migrant workers from Mexico, Guatemala, and Haiti. Workers are held against their will, forced to work for little or no pay, with their work and commute taking up at least 12 hours a day. Suppliers and retailers alike face significant business risks due to forced labor. These include operational risks (such as having to discontinue supplier contracts due to public pressure, reputational risk incurred from negative publicity) and legal and regulatory risks (such as lawsuits from employees, customers, and other stakeholders). For example, in early 2016 the Thai tuna processing factory Golden Prize Tuna Canning paid Myanmar migrant workers US$1.3 million compensation for labor abuses.4 At the same time, companies-particularly consumer-facing brands-can benefit from a proactive stance on eliminating forced labor in their supply chains in terms of reputation, reduced operational and regulatory risks, and employee motivation. There is growing global momentum in both soft and hard law requiring companies to address forced labor risks in their supply chains and disclose their efforts in this respect. The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights have established that businesses have a responsibility to respect human rights, including through business relationships. The UN Sustainable Development Goals also address the issue: Goal 8 includes the objective to "take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor [and] end modern slavery and human trafficking." Regulatory requirements include the California Supply Chains Transparency Act and the Modern Slavery Act in the United Kingdom. Access to government contracts is increasingly linked to provisions on forced labor, with both the US and Dutch governments having put provisions for government contractors in place in 2012. The ILO's legally binding Protocol on Forced Labour, which was adopted in 2014 and requires states to prevent and remedy forced labor, has been ratified by eight ILO member countries with more to come.5 Overall, progress in the food and beverage industry to address supply chain labor issues such as forced labor has been slow. In the 2016 update of its Behind the Brands campaign, Oxfam found that, in contrast to areas such as climate change or land rights, "[t]he Big 10 [food and beverage companies] have barely shown any improvement [from 2013] on the issue of labor rights in their supply chains." Companies in this sector have been less responsive to KnowTheChain than companies in the Information and Communications Technology and Apparel & Footwear sectors. Nevertheless, the sector is starting to recognize its impacts and several sectoral initiatives have recently pledged to address forced labor. In December 2015, Australian retailers signed a pledge to address forced labor in their supply chains; in January 2016, the Consumer Goods Forum published a resolution to develop an action plan to eradicate forced labor; and in May 2016, AIM-PROGRESS publicly committed to support the implementation of this resolution. Further, investors have started to engage investee companies in the sector in recent years. For example, as part of its "No Fees" Initiative, members of the US faith-based investor network Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility have held dialogues on modern slavery with companies sourcing palm oil and seafood, both retailers and manufacturers in the food sector. Another example is a group of global investors coordinated by the UN-supported Principles for Responsible Investment which have been engaging food companies on supply chain labor issues. Details: San Francisco: KnowTheChain, 2016. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2018 at: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/plugins/ktc-benchmark/app/public/images/benchmark_reports/KTC_Food_Beverage_Findings_Report_October.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/plugins/ktc-benchmark/app/public/images/benchmark_reports/KTC_Food_Beverage_Findings_Report_October.pdf Shelf Number: 149604 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Supply Chains

Author: KnowTheChain Title: Eradicating Forced Labor in Electronics: What do company statements under the UK Modern Slavery Act tell us? Summary: The information and communications technology sector (ICT) is at high risk of forced labor. A significant number of workers in electronics supply chains are migrant workers who are particularly vulnerable to exploitation. The US Department of Labor lists China and Malaysia as countries where electronics may be produced using forced labor. In fact, a 2014 Verite study found that nearly a third of migrant workers in Malaysia's electronics sector are in situations of forced labor. To mark the third anniversary of the passage of the UK Modern Slavery Act, this report analyzes how companies in this at-risk sector are responding to this legislative requirement. The UK Modern Slavery Act is the most farreaching global legislation on forced labor and human trafficking currently in effect, as it affects any global company that has a turnover of $36 million or more and carries out business in the UK. Most notably, it is the first piece of legislation that requires not only annual reporting on the steps taken to address modern slavery in a company's own operations and supply chains, but also board approval and a director's signature on the company's public statement - ensuring that senior management, as well as boards, pay attention to the issue of forced labor. To understand to what extent the sector is aware of and responding to this legislation, we analyzed large- and medium-size global ICT companies and identified 102 companies from Asia, Europe, and the United States required to report under the Modern Slavery Act. We reached out to 23 of those companies that had not published a statement. We also assessed compliance among published statements with the minimum requirements of the Modern Slavery Act: the statement must be linked on the homepage of the company's website, signed by a director or equivalent, and approved by the board. We additionally evaluated all the identified ICT companies' statements against KnowTheChain's benchmark methodology, which comprises seven themes: commitment and governance, traceability and risk assessment, purchasing practices, recruitment, worker voice, monitoring, and remedy. All statements receive a score out of 100. Disappointingly, 85% of the analyzed statements scored below 25. This report highlights promising practices, as well as gaps identified against our methodology, and makes recommendations to companies. Details: San Francisco: KnowTheChain, 2018. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2018 at: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/uploads/KTC-ICT-MSA-Report_Final_Web.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/uploads/KTC-ICT-MSA-Report_Final_Web.pdf Shelf Number: 149597 Keywords: Electronic Goods Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human trafficking Modern Slavery

Author: KnowTheChain Title: Apparel and Footwear Benchmark Findings Report: How are 20 of the largest companies addressing forced labor in their supply chains? Summary: According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), an estimated 21 million people are victims of forced labor around the world. As defined by the ILO, forced labor refers to "situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by subtler means such as accumulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities." The apparel & footwear industry is an at-risk sector. Forced labor occurs both in the production of raw materials and during the manufacturing stages of apparel and footwear companies' supply chains, especially at lower tier suppliers and in home-based or informal manufacturing. Most nations in the world participate to some degree in the textile and apparel sector. And, the textiles, clothing, and footwear industry is a rapidly growing field of employment: While in 2000 the global garment industry employed about 20 million workers, this number has at least tripled to 60-75 million workers in 2014, three quarters of whom are women. Following incidents of child labor and reports about sweatshop conditions since the 1990s, companies have taken action, and associations such as the Ethical Trading Initiative, the Fair Labor Association, and the Better Work Initiative, a partnership between the ILO and the International Finance Corporation, have helped companies to work towards improving conditions in apparel supply chains. Today, companies acknowledge responsibility for working conditions in their supply chains, and traceability and transparency are higher than in other sectors. The majority of large apparel and footwear companies have in place supplier monitoring systems, and, through initiatives such as ACT (Action, Collaboration, Transformation), apparel brands, retailers, manufacturers, and trade unions are collaborating to implement living wages. Why does forced labor in the sector persist? While progress has been made, forced labor persists in the sector. The tragic collapse of the Rana Plaza building in Bangladesh has proven that auditing systems can easily fall short: two factories in the building had been audited for social compliance and several brands were unaware that their clothes were being made there. Where audits are announced, some employers ask undocumented workers or child workers to hide. In other instances, the work is subcontracted, and poor working conditions move to a deeper, less visible part of the supply chain.4 "Fast fashion" models can exacerbate the risk of forced labor, with pressure on lead times and pricing leading suppliers to outsource production. Details: San Francisco: KnowTheChain, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resources: Accessed April 6, 2018 at: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/plugins/ktc-benchmark/app/public/images/benchmark_reports/KTC_A&F_ExternalReport_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/plugins/ktc-benchmark/app/public/images/benchmark_reports/KTC_A&F_ExternalReport_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 149720 Keywords: Consumer Products Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Migrant Workers Modern Slavery Retail Industry Supply Chains

Author: KnowTheChain Title: How food and beverage companies tackle forced labor risks in sugarcane supply chains Summary: Sugarcane is one of the largest agricultural commodities in the world. It can be found in everyday food items such as cereals, yogurts, and ready-made pizzas, and in beverages such as soft drinks, sports drinks, and flavored coffees. Sugarcane is typically manually harvested, often by migrants and rural workers with little education-in Brazil, more than 25% of the rural population work in sugarcane supply chains. Sugarcane workers face hazardous working conditions, long working hours in isolated workplaces, low wages, and even forced labor. Food and beverage companies face major risks in sourcing sugarcane, given this commodity has been found to be produced by forced labor in Brazil and India, the two largest sugarcane producers in the world. This case study assesses how a sample of 10 companies address forced labor risks across their sugarcane supply chains, finding that, while some companies have assessed risks and set targets, all companies in the case study need to improve significantly-in particular to provide grievance mechanisms and remedy. For the purpose of this report, the term "sugar" has been used where sources refer to sugarcane and may also refer to sugar beets. This study follows KnowTheChain's first food and beverage benchmark completed in 2016, which found a lack of transparency and adequate action to address forced labor in commodity supply chains such as sugarcane, where risks have been documented. We compared the disclosed policies and practices of the 10 companies and examined additional information provided through a questionnaire, which was developed in consultation with global and local stakeholders. Eight of the companies responded to the questionnaire, which represents a notable increase from the 2016 benchmark, when less than half of the companies provided additional disclosure. Key findings on the 10 companies in our case study include: - All companies disclose where at least some parts of their sugarcane supply chains are located. Coca-Cola discloses a map that highlights all sourcing countries for its key commodities. However, the company did not follow through on its commitment from 2013 to disclose the names of all its direct sugarcane suppliers within three years. Wilmar is the only company that discloses a list with names and addresses of its sugar suppliers. - All companies should take concrete follow-up steps at the country level. However, we found steps taken at that level are limited. PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Nestle, and ABF are the only companies making efforts to understand and assess forced labor risks in their sugarcane supply chains at the country level. While most companies have a grievance mechanism in place, it is unclear whether the mechanisms are communicated to and used by suppliers' workers. Further, no company was able to provide an example of remedy provided to workers in their sugarcane supply chains. - Most companies recognize the need to significantly increase their efforts to improve working conditions in their sugar supply chains and have committed to implement or strengthen sustainable sugar sourcing, which includes efforts to prevent forced labor. Notably, Nestle has set time-bound targets for salient labor issues which include, for example, working with suppliers to promote the right of workers to establish and join trade unions. Details: San Francisco: KnowTheChain, 2017. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2018 at: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/uploads/KTC-SugarcaneReport-Final_August-2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: https://knowthechain.org/wp-content/uploads/KTC-SugarcaneReport-Final_August-2017.pdf Shelf Number: 149721 Keywords: Consumer Products Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Sugarcane Supply Chains

Author: GRETA (Group of Experts on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings Title: 7th General Report on GRETA's Activities Covering the period from 1 January 20 31 December 2017 Summary: I am pleased to introduce the Seventh General Report on GRETA's activities and to highlight the on-going work of the Council of Europe in combating trafficking in human beings and vindicating the rights of victims of trafficking. The human rights-based approach to combating human trafficking is critical to all aspects of GRETA's work, recognising as it does that trafficking in human beings is a serious human rights violation, one that, as the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly noted, treats human beings as commodities to be bought and sold. This General Report covers the activities of GRETA from 1 January to 31 December 2017. The year 2017 marked further progress in the application of the Convention across Europe, with the ratification by the Czech Republic on 29 March 2017. All member States of the Council of Europe, with the exception of the Russian Federation, have now ratified the Convention, and Belarus is also a State Party. While the expansion in ratifications of the Convention is significant to ensure greater reach in our work, more effective implementation by States Parties of the Convention standards remains critical. Against a backdrop of millions of people forcibly displaced worldwide, and hundreds of thousands of people on the move in Europe, the risks of exploitation are great. Of particular concern are the risks faced by victims of trafficking on arrival in Europe, with many barriers in place to accessing protection and heightened risks of re-trafficking within Europe. The gender dimension of human trafficking, and gender inequality as both a cause and a driver of exploitation, is central to many of GRETA's country reports. The risks faced by children and young people remain of particular concern, as weaknesses in child protection systems in many countries lead to failings in ensuring timely responses to the rights and needs of migrant and asylum-seeking children at risk. Strengthening the impact of GRETA's work in combating human trafficking is critical and the report highlights examples of where implementation of Convention standards is securing incremental change. Legislative changes continue, as well as policy and practical measures to improve early identification of child victims, steps to provide assistance to male victims of trafficking, and more proactive approaches to ensure access to compensation and legal redress. In this Seventh General Report, GRETA highlights the particular challenges of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation. Labour exploitation was chosen as one of the thematic focuses of the second evaluation round of the Convention because of GRETA's concern that Convention obligations were not being met, and that many victims of labour trafficking were not being identified as such nor granted access to assistance and protection. 2017 saw the adoption of the landmark judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in Chowdury and Others v Greece, in which the Convention and its Explanatory Report, together with GRETA's reports on Italy and Spain, were widely cited. The judgment is an important contribution to European human rights law in recognising the complex and subtle forms of coercion that underpin trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation. The judgment is significant given GRETA's findings that many domestic courts fail to fully understand the gravity of labour exploitation or the nexus with human trafficking. As of the end of 2017, GRETA had adopted 42 country reports under the first evaluation round and 25 country reports under the second evaluation round. These reports highlight that in many States Parties, trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is the predominant form of human trafficking identified. There is, however, an increase in the number of identified victims of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, and in several countries, labour trafficking has emerged as the predominant form of trafficking. While there are considerable variations in the number and proportion of labour trafficking victims among countries, all countries indicate an upward trend of labour exploitation. hese trends are of great concern to GRETA and highlight the urgent need for closer co-operation between States, civil society, trade unions and the private sector. GRETA has repeatedly stressed the need for comprehensive legislation on trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, including recognition of the irrelevance of the victim's consent to the intended exploitation, and the need for heightened attention to the abuse of a position of vulnerability. Trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation occurs in the formal and informal economies, with migrant workers particularly at risk. Men constitute most of the identified victims of labour trafficking, in sectors as diverse as agriculture, construction, hospitality and fisheries. Women are also victims of trafficking for labour exploitation, often in the more isolated setting of domestic and care work. The possibility of trafficking occurring in diplomatic households is now well recognised, and GRETA's country reports highlight examples of good practice in prevention of such exploitation and in overcoming the barriers presented by state and diplomatic immunity claims. Poverty and discrimination on grounds of 'race' or ethnicity, as well as migration status, continue to contribute to the risks faced by minority communities, including risks of labour exploitation. The increasing precariousness of work, and the risks encountered by seasonal and migrant workers in particular, are documented in several of GRETA's country reports. The fisheries industry is recognised as posing particular challenges to the resourcing and functioning of inspectorates and other oversight bodies. GRETA's reports highlight steps being taken to strengthen preventive measures, yet the limited oversight of agricultural and other sectors contributes to difficulties in outreach to those often most at risk of exploitation. Limited resources for labour inspectorates, restrictions on collective bargaining and restricted access to channels for legal migration all contribute to labour trafficking. Access to information and to legal assistance remains a challenge for many victims of trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation, and GRETA highlights the importance of ensuring that victims are not criminalised, and can secure access to compensation and effective legal redress. The move towards greater transparency in supply chains, with significant legislative developments as well as policy initiatives, is highlighted as a potentially useful tool to combat human trafficking. In 2017, GRETA again invoked its urgent procedure mechanism, undertaking a short country visit to Hungary, in response to concerns raised in relation to the identification and access to assistance and protection of victims of trafficking. The use of the urgent procedure ensures a more timely response to potentially serious violations of human rights. Combined with the one-year follow-up reporting by States Parties now adopted, GRETA's monitoring work is developing to be more responsive, timely and effective. Complementing GRETA's monitoring work is the continued expansion of the Council GRETA's recommendations. GRETA is also working with other Council of Europe bodies to strengthen the impact of its work, including with MONEYVAL to highlight the importance of financial investigations in disrupting trafficking networks, as well as with other international organisations and civil society to assist in the identification of victims of trafficking among asylum seekers and migrants. 2017 came to an end with images of human trafficking in Libya and concerns at labour exploitation of many migrants travelling en route to Europe. This highlights the urgent need for strengthened co-operation between states and prevention measures to combat exploitation and abuse. Details: Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe, 2018. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2018 at: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-1-7gr-en/16807af20e Year: 2018 Country: Europe URL: https://rm.coe.int/greta-2018-1-7gr-en/16807af20e Shelf Number: 149745 Keywords: Asylum Seekers Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Exploitation Labor Trafficking Migrants Sexual Exploitation Trafficking for Labor

Author: Dottridge, Mike Title: Ending Exploitation: Ensuring that Businesses do not Contribute to Trafficking in Human Beings: Duties of States and the Private Sector Summary: This paper outlines the measures that businesses can take to ensure that trafficking in human beings does not occur in their workplaces or those of their suppliers (i.e., other businesses that sell products or services to them). It also reviews the obligations of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's (OSCE) participating States to regulate business activities and to enable businesses to take appropriate action to stop human trafficking from occurring. It ends with a series of recommendations for OSCE participating States. The question of what business enterprises, other organizations and individual consumers can do to ensure that people are not trafficked as a result of a business' conduct, whether in the workplace, supply chains, in purchasing decisions or other behaviour, has been a focus of interest since the United Nations (UN) adopted a Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (the "UN Trafficking Protocol") in 2000. The paper reviews how action by private sector businesses (and potentially state-owned ones as well) can prevent trafficking in human beings from occurring in their workplaces and those of their suppliers, thereby reducing traffickers' earnings and potentially helping drive them out of business. The paper focuses on how to maximize the substantial influence that managers of businesses and organizations have to prevent human trafficking through their procurement or purchasing decisions. It focuses in particular on the benefits that occur when businesses make commitments to respect human rights (or not to tolerate specific abuses of human rights), notably by setting minimum standards in codes to regulate their workplaces and those of their suppliers. Details: Vienna: OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, 2014. 108p. Source: Internet Research: Occasional Paper Series No. 7: Accessed April 20, 2018 at: https://www.osce.org/secretariat/126305?download=true Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: https://www.osce.org/secretariat/126305?download=true Shelf Number: 149872 Keywords: Forced labor Human Trafficking

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation Europe, Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Compendium of relevant reference materials and resources on ethical sourcing and prevention of trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation in supply chains Summary: The objective of the Compendium of Resources is to take stock of the existing legislation, policies, guidelines, recommendations, reports, studies, and other types of initiatives developed to better understand and respond to the global problem of trafficking in human beings through its prevention in supply chains. The resources included in the Compendium do not represent by any means an exhaustive list and are only intended to illustrate the initiatives identified by the OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings during the development of this project. The Compendium is intended for the use by government officials involved in policy making, as well as businesses and other stakeholders interested to learn from current practices in order to further enhance their own measures on ethical sourcing and the prevention of human trafficking in supply chains Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2018. 116p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 30, 2018 at: https://www.osce.org/secretariat/375910?download=true Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.osce.org/secretariat/375910?download=true Shelf Number: 149961 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Supply Chains

Author: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Maine Advisory Committee Title: Human Trafficking in Maine Summary: Human trafficking - the coercion of human beings for the purpose of involuntary labor, sexual exploitation, or both - is a growing problem in Maine. President Obama has called human trafficking modern day slavery, declaring that the United States "must end this most serious, ongoing criminal civil rights violation." The Maine Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (Maine SAC or Committee) started examining the issue of human trafficking in 2011 and convened a briefing in April 2012. The Committee heard from law enforcement officials, prosecutors, legislators, and advocates. Survivors of human trafficking also participated, putting a human face on the problem. The briefing shined a light on the fact that Maine did not have a stand-alone dedicated human trafficking law. Committee members questioned the panelists about the absence of this legislation and encouraged panelists to consider legislative actions to help address the human trafficking in Maine. Subsequent to the briefing, the Maine legislature enacted several provisions aimed at protecting victims and increasing penalties for violators. Specifically, in 2013, the Maine legislature passed LD 1159, an Act to Address Human Trafficking, Sex Trafficking, and Prostitution. The statute broadened the definition of "human trafficking offense," and established "sex trafficking" and "aggravated sex trafficking" as crimes. The Maine legislature later signed LD 1730, An Act to Assist Victims of Human Trafficking, into law. The statute has two main effects: first, it provides an affirmative defense for victims of trafficking who are charged with prostitution, and second, it adds an additional fine for those convicted of aggravated sex trafficking. The Maine SAC convened a second briefing on human trafficking in June 2014 to learn about the impact of the new trafficking laws and to find out what still needs to be done to address human trafficking in Maine. The Committee invited additional law enforcement officials, prosecutors, legislators, advocates, and survivors of human trafficking to update the Committee. In issuing this report, the Committee commends the state for the progress it has made in addressing human trafficking. Nonetheless, the Committee finds that more needs to done to help victims and survivors of trafficking, especially with regards to criminal liability of victims and assistance for victims. Regarding criminal liability, the Committee learned that two new laws are needed: a vacatur statute and a safe harbor law. A vacatur law allows courts to vacate the offenses committed by victims during the course of their being trafficked. An ideal vacatur statute would allow courts to vacate any prostitution, drug possession, or other criminal conviction, provided that the act in question was committed by a victim of human trafficking during the course of being trafficked. To this end, the Maine SAC recommends that the Maine legislature enact a vacatur law. The Maine legislature should also enact a safe harbor law that is designed to prevent minors who are victims of human trafficking from being charged with crimes committed during the period they were trafficked. Existing safe harbor laws vary significantly among the states. Thus, the Maine SAC recommends that the Maine legislature enact the safe harbor law. The Committee also recommends that the U.S. Department of Justice draft a model safe harbor law that may be introduced in state legislatures. Finally, one of the most critical components of a proper response to human trafficking is the provision of adequate services for trafficking victims. Services are so key, in fact, that Maine prosecutors have ranked them more important in fighting human trafficking than a dedicated human trafficking statute itself. Traffickers make great efforts to ensure that their victims are isolated and totally dependent on them not only for the material essentials of life, but also for any sort of stability or feeling of normalcy. The Committee learned that trafficking victims are often arrested as a way to ensure that they have shelter, food, and safety. In order to adequately address human trafficking, the state needs both to create and fund programs that provide services to human trafficking victims. An ideal system of victim assistance services in Maine would address the fundamental needs of trafficking victims, including living assistance, educational services, and working with federal agencies on immigration and citizenship services. These services would receive sufficient funding to adequately serve the growing number of individuals in Maine identified as victims of both sex and labor trafficking. Finally, while this report focuses its findings and recommendations on the issue of sex trafficking, both briefings included testimony from advocates working on the issue of labor trafficking. Some estimate that labor trafficking constitutes almost one-third of the total human trafficking market. Labor trafficking in Maine occurs in several industries, including construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and logging. The Committee discredited the myth that labor trafficking involves exclusively undocumented workers. There are cases throughout New England - in construction, domestic help, and restaurants - where trafficked individuals are documented immigrants or U.S. citizens. We hope that Maine will consider adopting a standalone labor trafficking statute similar to the sex trafficking statute it recently enacted. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2016. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2018 at: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/Human-Trafficking-in-Maine.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/Human-Trafficking-in-Maine.pdf Shelf Number: 150436 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation Victims of Trafficking

Author: Australia. Parliament. Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Title: Hidden in Plain Sight: An inquiry into establishing a Modern Slavery Act in Australia Summary: Slavery is one of the most appalling crimes in human history. Regrettably, the term 'modern slavery' reminds us that slavery and slavery-like practices are still prevalent around the world today, including here in Australia. Modern slavery is often 'hidden in plain sight'. These heinous crimes are present across a range of industries in Australia and in the global supply chains of businesses and organisations operating here. Latest estimates suggest that over 40 million people around the world, and 4 300 in Australia, are victims of some form of modern slavery, which includes human trafficking, slavery, debt bondage, forced labour and other slavery-like practices. In November 2016, the Foreign Affairs and Aid Sub-Committee of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs Defence and Trade (Committee) sought the referral of this inquiry to investigate measures to better combat modern slavery in Australia and around the world. The Committee was very pleased when the Australian Government, through the Attorney-General, approved and provided a referral for this inquiry in February 2017. The inquiry particularly focussed on assessing the effectiveness of the United Kingdom's Modern Slavery Act 2015 (UK Act) and whether similar or improved measures could be introduced in Australia. During the inquiry, the Committee received 225 submissions and held 10 public hearings. The Committee heard from a range of dedicated individuals, businesses and organisations with an interest in eradicating modern slavery, including from within global supply chains. The Committee applauds the work being undertaken by these groups to tackle these terrible crimes. The Committee heard strong support for key elements of the UK Act, including from businesses. There was particular support for the establishment of the Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner and the introduction of global supply chain reporting requirements. The Committee recommends that the Australian Government introduce similar measures here, with a range of improvements as outlined in this report. Specifically, the Committee recommends the establishment of an Australian Modern Slavery Act, including an Independent Anti-Slavery Commissioner to lead and coordinate Australia's response to combatting modern slavery. Evidence suggests that the UK Commissioner has made an important contribution to raising awareness of modern slavery, better coordinating UK law enforcement agencies and advocating for improved supports for victims. Details: Canberra: The Committee, 2017. 393p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2018 at: http://www.gla.gov.uk/media/3377/hiddeninplainsight-australian-modern-slavery-doc.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: http://www.gla.gov.uk/media/3377/hiddeninplainsight-australian-modern-slavery-doc.pdf Shelf Number: 150453 Keywords: Child Trafficking Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Supply Chains

Author: LeBaron, Genevieve Title: The Global Business of Forced Labour: Report of Findings Summary: The era of globalisation has been characterised by a growth of the world's biggest retail and brand companies, coupled with a deepened concern regarding the presence of forced labour in global supply chains. Indeed, one of the gravest and growing risks that brand companies face is the use of forced labour, human trafficking, or other illegal labour practices within their supply chain. Research on this topic has focused almost entirely on the big brand businesses at the top of the supply chain, rather than the worksites that actually deploy and manage forced labour and exploitation, which usually involve much smaller and more informal business actors. However, the overwhelming and singular focus on multi-national corporations (MNCs) at the top of supply chains has hindered our understanding of some of the broader patterns surrounding the business dynamics of forced labour in the global economy. Designed to address this gap, the Global Business of Forced Labour project is a first-of-its kind international research study investigating the business models of forced labour in global agricultural supply chains. The project has systematically mapped the business of forced labour, focusing on case studies of cocoa and tea supply chains. Through extensive primary research in the cocoa industry in Ghana and the tea industry in India and with domestic and international business actors, the project generated an original dataset that sheds light on the drivers and patterns of forced labour in agricultural supply chains feeding UK markets. This dataset includes in-depth interviews with over 120 tea and cocoa workers, a survey of over 1000 tea and cocoa workers, and over 100 interviews with business and government actors. Summary of Findings Business of Forced Labour There is a coherent pattern of labour exploitation including forced labour at the base of global tea and cocoa supply chains. Tea and cocoa businesses profit from forced labour and exploitation in two main ways: Employers use forced labour to reduce their costs of doing business. Our research uncovers that employers systematically under-pay wages and under-provide legally-mandated essential services for workers. Employers are legally required to provide basic services for tea workers on permanent contracts and their families. However, our study found that 47% of tea workers do not have access to potable water and 26% do not have access to a toilet. Workers also reported being charged by employers for services like electricity but not receiving these. In the cocoa industry, employers seek to cut costs through a complex system of financial calculations, including fines (e.g. for failing to carry out mandatory unpaid labour), fees (e.g. for obtaining a job on a cocoa farm), and deductions (e.g. for costs of inputs like pesticides and safety equipment) to systematically under-pay workers and create situations of debt bondage. In both industries, these widespread forms of exploitation are also sometimes accompanied by physical violence, threats, verbal abuse, and/or sexual violence. Employers use forced labour to generate revenue. In the tea industry, employers seek to generate revenue by lending money or providing services to workers and charging high interest on debts, thus engendering situations of debt bondage. Situations of debt bondage are closely linked to the under-provision of services; most tea workers reported borrowing money to pay for food or medical care (which employers are legally required to provide). In the cocoa industry, employers seek to profit by forcing workers to carry out additional labour beyond the agreed terms and conditions of the work, such as working for free on the employer's other farmlands for periods as long as three months. Failure to perform this involuntary labour results in deductions from the worker's wages, fines, threats, or even dismissal. In both industries, these widespread forms of exploitation are also sometimes accompanied by physical violence, threats, verbal abuse, and/or sexual violence. Workers face severe constraints on their ability to exit exploitative tea plantations and cocoa farms. Although chocolate and tea companies are highly profitable, the tea and cocoa workers at the base of their supply chains are living far below the poverty line and are routinely subjected to abuse. According to the World Bank, the poverty line for lower middle-income countries such as Ghana and India is $3.20 (L2.35) per day. Tea workers' wages in India are as low as 25% of the poverty line amount and cocoa workers' wages are around 30% of the poverty line amount. Producers - tea plantation owners and cocoa farmers - claim they do not receive enough payment for their products to obey labour laws and pay the minimum wage. Details: Sheffield, UK: University of Sheffield, Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute, 2018. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 25, 2018 at: http://globalbusinessofforcedlabour.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Report-of-Findings-Global-Business-of-Forced-Labour.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: http://globalbusinessofforcedlabour.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Report-of-Findings-Global-Business-of-Forced-Labour.pdf Shelf Number: 150650 Keywords: Agriculture Bonded Labor Debt Bondage Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Labor Exploitation Modern Slavery

Author: Ruiz-Benitez de Lugo, Lucia Bird Title: Battling Human Trafficking: a Scrutiny of Private Sector Obligations under the Modern Slavery Act Summary: Modern slavery is a global problem estimated to affect over 40 million people, 16 million of those in forced labour in the private sector. Forced labour in the private economy is estimated to generate $150 billion in illegal profits per year, with recent research finding that 71% of companies believe modern slavery is likely to be occurring in their supply chains. Multi-nationals from Nestle to Costco have faced class actions in US courts and, even where the case has been unsuccessful, suffered significant reputational damage. The private sector is being held to account for human rights violations in their supply chains in an unprecedented manner. The Transparency in Supply Chains clause (TSC) in the Modern Slavery Act 2015 (MSA), which firmly placed obligations on a significant cross-section of the private sector for mitigating the risk of human trafficking in their supply chains (HTSC), is the UK's landmark legislation effecting this shift of responsibility onto business. The MSA is groundbreaking legislation, and a number of other jurisdictions are already following suit. Consequently, an analysis of the MSA yields a clearer understanding of the current trend in global regulation of human trafficking in supply chains. The TSC requires companies falling within specified financial and geographic thresholds to publish an annual statement outlining the steps they have taken to mitigate the risk of HTSC (the "TSC Statement"). The aim of the TSC is to 'prevent modern slavery in organisations and their supply chains' by increasing the transparency and accountability of companies to both shareholders and consumers, thereby driving best practice in HTSC risk mitigation. The TSC came into force in 2015, and most companies falling within scope have been required to publish the first TSC Statement in 2017 to cover the 2016 fiscal year. This is consequently a key moment to take stock and analyse the efficacy of the TSC against its stated purpose, to assess compliance and review how the structure of the TSC requirement could be tweaked to enhance impact. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2018. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 8, 2018 at: http://globalinitiative.net/battling-human-trafficking-a-scrutiny-of-private-sector-obligations-under-the-modern-slavery-act/ Year: 2018 Country: International URL: http://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Battling-Human-Trafficking-A-Scrutiny-of-Private-Sector-Obligations-under-the-Modern-Slavery-Act-Global-Initiative-RESPECT-2018.pdf Shelf Number: 151448 Keywords: Forced Labor Global Affairs Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Private Sector Slavery

Author: Oosterhoff, Pauline Title: Participatory statistics to measure prevalence in bonded labour hotspots in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: findings of the baseline study Summary: The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) has been carrying out a programme of research, learning and evaluation in relation to the Freedom Fund 'hotspot' in northern India, a project that seeks to reduce bonded labour in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The work for this baseline study builds upon scoping visits comprising interviews with nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), focus groups with community members, field observations, the participatory collection and analysis of 353 life stories to identify the most significant indicators of change, and the generation of a baseline of participatory statistics of 3,466 households across 82 hamlets in locations covered by 14 NGOs. This is being followed by the rollout of a systemic action research programme which combines stakeholders analysing and developing solutions to their problems with follow-up participatory statistical analysis. We will conduct an end-line survey approximately two years after the data collection for this study has been completed. A central aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of bonded labour in the selected intervention communities of the Freedom Fund hotspot in northern India. The study does not extrapolate from this estimate to make an estimate of the prevalence beyond this intervention area. Prevalence data help mainly to understand the profile of families in bonded labour and any correlations with different variables. The analysis of life stories provided a better insight into the life situations of families in bonded labour and explored questions of why and how. A range of other indicators could therefore be generated from the causal factors emerging from the life story analysis. The team facilitated a discussion on the results at the end of the data collection process in each site. These discussions focused on the reasons for the differences in prevalence results using the tallied-up data to explore how gender, age and caste dynamics shape bonded labour, with most adults in bonded labour working inside the village; most boys in bondage working outside the village; and a group of families with all members in bonded labour working outside the village. The estimates from this participatory statistical analysis show the correlations of bonded labour with various factors. Where possible, conclusions have been drawn about whether this quantitative analysis corroborates certain widely held assumptions with regard to forms of bonded labour in India. Key findings are as follows: - Within the sample of 3,466 households, most households have a member in bonded labour. Among the 51% of the families that had people in bonded labour, 29% had all of the working family members in bonded labour and 22% had at least one enslaved family member. The interventions are clearly in the right spot. - There are huge geographic variations within our sample: in some intervention areas, the vast majority of households had some form of bonded labour (>95%), while in others the rate was less than 10%. - Within the intervention communities, the prevalence rate of households with at least one member in bonded labour was 53.0%. With a standard deviation of 0.4991032, and a desired confidence level of 90%, the corresponding confidence interval is � 0.014, meaning that we can be 90% confident that the true population mean falls within the range of 51.72 to 54.51%. - Among the total number of 3,366 bonded labourers in 3,466 households, 568 were bonded labourers aged below 18 years and 467 of these were boys. Most of the boys who were involved in bonded labour worked outside the village. Adults in bonded labour worked more often inside the village. - Caste, gender, age, access to Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) benefits, and loan-taking are the key factors at the individual and household level related to bonded labour in this hotspot. Within the hotspot as a whole there are different economic activities but there are currently few economic opportunities available that do not involve some form of bondage. - With regard to social status, most people in the intervention areas belonged to the Dalit (or Scheduled Caste) social category, followed closely by Other Backward Classes (OBC). - The data show a link between land ownership status and bonded labour. While 61.9% of landless households have at least one person in bonded labour, as many as 75.9% of landless households have every working member of the household in bonded labour. As the size of the land holding increases, the prevalence of bonded labour in those households decreases. Within the intervention communities in both states, most people have a stable lease for the house they live in. - Health expenses are the main reason for taking out a loan among all households in the intervention areas. - With regard to MGNREGA, as payment received for the number of days worked increases, the incidence of bonded labour decreases slightly. - Access to a bank account does not have any significant impact on the status of bonded labour. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies; Institute for Participatory Practices, 2017. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2018 at: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/13294/Participatory_statistics_to_measure_prevalence_bonded_labour_hotspots_Uttar_Pradesh_Bihar-Updated.pdf;jsessionid=F6499342A64338979F2609003F2B81A2?sequence=3 Year: 2017 Country: India URL: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/13294/Participatory_statistics_to_measure_prevalence_bonded_labour_hotspots_Uttar_Pradesh_Bihar-Updated.pdf;jsessionid=F6499342A64338979F2609003F2B81A2?sequence=3 Shelf Number: 153102 Keywords: Bonded Labor Bonded Labour Forced Labor Modern Slavery

Author: Idris, Iffat Title: Interventions to Combat Modern Slavery Summary: Overview This report details findings from evaluations of a range of interventions to combat modern slavery. While there are three broad areas of efforts to tackle modern slavery - prevention, protection and prosecution - the main focus to date has been on prevention and, to a lesser extent, protection; prosecution has received far less attention. The literature indicates that interventions have generally proven to have limited effectiveness. Various evaluations highlight the need for information campaigns to target specific groups and advocate action rather than simply raising awareness. They also call for protection measures to be targeted, and linked to interventions in health, education, social protection and livelihoods. A number of evaluations suggest that legislation banning trafficking, child labour, etc. can be counterproductive: more stress should be put on improving labour and working conditions. Modern slavery is very broad-ranging in scope, covering forced and bonded labour, child labour, sex trafficking, human trafficking and so on. Rather than considering interventions under each type of modern slavery, this review categorises interventions into the following: - prevention - aimed at raising public awareness of modern slavery and its risks; - protection - aimed at empowering victims and helping them rebuild their lives; - prosecution - to support implementation of legislation on modern slavery. Some programmes are cross-cutting, with interventions focused on two or more categories (of prevention, protection and prosecution). Findings from such cross-cutting programmes are given under the most appropriate category. Since this review is designed to support formulation of programmes to tackle modern slavery, its focus is on whether diverse interventions have been effective or not and, crucially, what lessons or recommendations emerge from them that can be applied elsewhere. The main findings are as follows: Information campaigns - it is important that these target specific groups and that they advocate action rather than simply highlighting problems and risks. Baseline assessments can ensure that messaging is appropriate and effective. The priority within campaigns should be on engagement with communities to understand driving factors behind modern slavery and identify suitable interventions - it should not simply be on reaching the maximum number of people (a quantitative exercise). As well as explaining to potential migrants the risks involved and how to carry out safe migration, information campaigns should raise awareness of alternative options that may result in people not having to migrate. Protection measures - these too should be targeted at specific groups, in particular projects for children should be separate from those targeting women and should address their specific concerns. Projects to tackle modern slavery should be linked to interventions in education, health, social protection and livelihoods to increase effectiveness. Prosecution - simply imposing bans on trafficking, child labour, etc. will not be effective, and could even be counterproductive leading to increased vulnerability to trafficking and a rise in child labour. It is important to prioritise labour and working conditions in destinations, rather than simply emphasising prevention. Recent initiatives in the UK and California to increase transparency about modern slavery in company supply chains have had only limited impact. The review drew largely on grey literature, in particular evaluation reports for donor agency programmes. While a number of reports did focus specifically on women, the literature was to a large extent gender blind. The review found no literature looking at the issue of tackling modern slavery from the perspective of persons with disabilities. Details: Birmingham, UK: Knowledge, Evidence, and Learning for Development, 2017. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 11, 2019 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a5f23f240f0b652634c6f4d/Interventions-to-combat-modern-slavery.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a5f23f240f0b652634c6f4d/Interventions-to-combat-modern-slavery.pdf Shelf Number: 154119 Keywords: Child Labor Forced Labor Information Campaigns Modern Slavery Prevention Prosecution Protection Sex Trafficking Targeted Intervention Trafficking United Kingdom Working Conditions

Author: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Title: Captive Communities: Situation of the Guarani Indigenous People and the Contemporary Forms of Slavery in the Bolivian Chaco Summary: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. In this report the Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights (hereinafter "Inter‐American Commission" or "IACHR") analyzes the situation of the Guarani indigenous people in the region known as the Bolivian Chaco, focusing particularly on the situation of Guarani families subjected to conditions of debt bondage and forced labor. This phenomenon, which affects approximately 600 families, is known by reference to "captive communities," and it clearly involves contemporary forms of slavery that should be eradicated immediately. In addition, this report analyzes the situation these captive communities face in order to gain access to their ancestral territory. 2. The report was preceded by a working and observation visit conducted June 9-13, 2008, by Commissioner Luz Patricia Mejia Guerrero, in her capacity as Rapporteur for Bolivia, and by Commissioner Victor E. Abramovich, in his capacity as Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 3. The Commission deplores the existence in Bolivia of practices of bondage and forced labor, which are absolutely prohibited by the American Convention on Human Rights and other international instruments to which Bolivia is a party. The Commission also observes that the situation of bondage and forced labor in which the captive communities live is an extreme manifestation of the discrimination that indigenous peoples have suffered historically and continue suffering in Bolivia. 4. Despite the efforts made by the Bolivian State (hereinafter "the State," "Bolivia," or "the Bolivian State") to address the situation of bondage and forced labor and to facilitate the reconstitution of the Guarani territory, there are still captive communities whose members are subject to performing forced labor for debts supposedly contracted and who most of the time do not receive any salary for their work. 5. The report concludes with recommendations aimed at cooperating with the Bolivian State in its efforts to eradicate these contemporary forms of slavery and to guarantee and protect the human rights of the Guarani indigenous people, especially their collective property, their right of access to justice, and their right to a dignified life. The recommendations include actions to: (1) prevent, investigate, and punish contemporary forms of slavery; (2) reconstitute the territory of the Guarani indigenous people; and (3) guarantee access to justice for the Guarani indigenous people and all other indigenous peoples in Bolivia. Details: S.L., 2009. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2019 at: https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/indigenous/docs/pdf/captivecommunities.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Bolivia URL: http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/ComunidadesCautivas.eng/toc.htm Shelf Number: 154314 Keywords: Bondage Forced Labor Human Rights Indigenous People Modern Slavery Slavery

Author: O'Driscoll, Dylan Title: Data on Child Trafficking Summary: Question How do OECD countries collect data on children trafficked into their own countries for the worst forms of child labour, and what data is publicly available? Summary This rapid review synthesises findings from rigorous academic, practitioner, and policy references published in the past fifteen years that discuss child trafficking and human trafficking more generally. The focus is on the most predominant data produced by OECD countries, reports produced by international organisations that collect data from OECD countries, as well as available literature on the methods utilised by OECD countries to collect data. Key Findings - There are a number of methodological issues with collecting data on trafficking, making it difficult to accurately estimate the scale of the problem. - There is a lack of data available that differentiates between child and human trafficking with most reports devoting little space to child trafficking and often not differentiating between the two on key aspects such as routes, prosecutions, etc.. - Issues such as death in transit and the cost of trafficking children are almost completely ignored in the published data. - There are two approaches to collecting data: victim-centred and trafficker-centred, which should be combined to give a thorough overview of the issue. However, there are significant shortcomings in how this data is collected, managed, analysed, and disaggregated. - In the EU, data is predominantly collected by the police and the multi-agency data repository suggested by the EU is not always in place. - Trafficking does not necessarily mean crossing borders: children are often trafficked within their own country. For instance, in Germany 45 percent of minor victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation reported were German nationals. - According to UNODC, 20 percent of victims of trafficking reported are girls, whilst eight percent are boys. Africa and the Middle East have the highest proportion of child trafficking with 62 percent of the victims reported as children (UNODC, 2014). - The ILO estimates that as many as 1,225,000 children are in a forced labour situation as a result of trafficking. - In the EU most victims of trafficking reported are Bulgarian, Romanian and Latvian, with Nigerians being the highest non-EU citizens reported. However, the information is not further disaggregated by the age of these citizens and the only data available is that 15 percent of cases recorded within the EU between 2010 and 2012 were of minors. Details: Brighton, U.K.: Institute of Development Studies, 2017. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2019 at: https://gsdrc.org/publications/data-on-child-trafficking/ Year: 2017 Country: International URL: https://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/102-Data-on-Child-Trafficking.pdf Shelf Number: 155131 Keywords: Child Exploitation and Abuse Child Labor Child Trafficking Forced Labor

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018, Booklet 2: Trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict Summary: In 2016, more countries were experiencing some form of violent conflict than at any other time in the previous 30 years. People living in conflict-affected areas may experience abuse, violence and exploitation, including trafficking in persons. The risk of trafficking in persons is also connected with the high numbers of refugees. A need to flee war and persecution may be taken advantage of for exploitation by traffickers. Trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict has received increased attention by the international community. In November 2017, the United Nations Security Council addressed the topic in Resolution 2388 and reiterated its deep concern that trafficking in persons in areas affected by armed conflict continues to occur. It also underscored that certain offences associated with trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict may constitute war crimes. Moreover, the Security Council reiterated its condemnation of all acts of trafficking undertaken by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) , Boko Haram, Al-Shabaab, the Lord's Resistance Army and other terrorist or armed groups for the purpose of sexual slavery, sexual exploitation and forced labour. In Resolution 2331 of December 2016, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to take steps to improve the collection of data, monitoring and analysis of trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict. In response, the present study examines how trafficking in persons occurs in the context of armed conflict through an analysis based on an extensive literature review, a review of case narratives from international tribunals and interviews with personnel from United Nations peacekeeping operations. Trafficking in persons is another dimension of the violence, brutality and abuse that occur in the context of armed conflict. While trafficking takes many forms, it always involves the purpose of exploitation. Victims are trafficked for exploitation in forced labour in different sectors, from agriculture to mines. They are also trafficked to serve as domestic servants, for sexual exploitation or for armed combat. Children are often recruited into armed groups for forced labour in a range of military-related roles. As one expert described it: "when there are armed groups you may find all kinds of exploitation". Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2018. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GloTIP2018_BOOKLET_2_Conflict.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GloTIP2018_BOOKLET_2_Conflict.pdf Shelf Number: 155197 Keywords: Conflict Areas and Violence Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Day Slavery Sexual Exploitation

Author: Verite Title: Recommendations for Addressing Forced Labor Risk in the Cocoa Sector of Cote D'Ivoire Summary: Forced Labor - and human trafficking for forced labor - have been documented as recently as 2018 in the cocoa sector in Cote d'Ivoire, with one recent study by the Walk Free Foundation and Tulane University estimating the number of victims at approximately 2,000 children and nearly 10,000 adults. In late 2016, Verite completed a qualitative rapid appraisal study to understand the nature of the root causes of forced labor in the Ivoirian cocoa sector using an indicator-based approach grounded in methodological guidance from the International Labor Organization. Verite's research found that some cocoa workers may be at risk of forced labor due to deception or other exploitation in the course of their recruitment, and may face debt bondage and other risks once at their workplaces on cocoa farms. Isolation, nonpayment or exploitative terms of payment, induced indebtedness, and other factors can potentially compound workers' vulnerability to forced labor. Verite found that migrants (from Burkina Faso, Mali, and non-cocoa producing areas of Cote d'Ivoire) who are carrying debt related to their recruitment and migration, and who are relatively early in their employment tenure in the cocoa sector, are the workers most likely to be at risk for these issues. The findings from Verite's research are published separately in the report Assessment of Forced Labor Risk in the Cocoa Sector of Cote d'Ivoire. With support from the International Cocoa Initiative, and in consultation with a range of industry, government, and civil society actors, Verite used these findings as the basis to develop the set of recommendations presented here. Details: Amherst, MA: Author, 2019. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2019 at: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Verite-Recommendations-Forced-Labor-in-Cocoa-in-CDI.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Africa URL: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Verite-Recommendations-Forced-Labor-in-Cocoa-in-CDI.pdf Shelf Number: 155495 Keywords: Child Labor Cocoa Industry Forced Labor Human Rights Abuses Labor Practices Modern Day Slavery

Author: Currier, Alyssa Title: 2018 Federal Human Trafficking Report Summary: Holding human traffickers accountable through criminal investigations and prosecutions, as well as civil lawsuits, is a crucial element of an effective, victim-centered approach to combating human trafficking. Human traffickers are economically motivated, compelling people to work or to engage in commercial sex for the trafficker's own profit. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 criminalizes this form of exploitation at the federal level and has provided increasingly more protection for victims over time. The TVPA provides, inter alia, mandatory victim restitution and the option for victims to sue their traffickers civilly. In 2017, the Human Trafficking Institute ("Institute") published the first Federal Human Trafficking Report, an exhaustive review of federal efforts to hold traffickers accountable for their exploitative conduct. The 2018 Federal Human Trafficking Report ("Report") is a continuation of the Institute's efforts to provide comprehensive data about every criminal and civil human trafficking case that federal courts handle each year. The Report's findings are not a prevalence estimate of human trafficking within the United States, but instead, serve as an objective summary of how the federal court system is used to combat human trafficking. In 2018, there were a total of 771 active human trafficking cases in federal courts across the United States. The majority (88.2%) of the active human trafficking cases were criminal prosecutions. The remaining 11.8% of the active human trafficking cases were civil suits. Criminal Cases -- In 2018, the government initiated 171 criminal human trafficking cases in federal courts. Ninety-five percent of the initiated cases were sex trafficking cases, and 4.7% were labor trafficking cases. This represents a 29% decrease in the number of initiated cases from the 241 new criminal cases in 2017. Since the TVPA was enacted in 2000, the number of human trafficking cases prosecuted has increased dramatically. In 2000, the federal government initiated four human trafficking cases. In 2007, the year the Justice Department formed the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit, initiated federal prosecutions jumped to 55 new cases. Although the number of sex trafficking prosecutions charged by the federal government each year has greatly increased since the enactment of the TVPA, the number of new labor trafficking cases has remained relatively stagnant. Case Type -- Over half (51.6%) of the criminal human trafficking cases active in 2018 were sex trafficking cases involving only child victims. The remaining 48.4% of the criminal cases were sex trafficking cases involving only adult victims (16.3%), sex trafficking cases involving adult and child victims (16.2%), sex trafficking sting cases without identified victims (8.4%), sex trafficking cases where the age of the victim was undisclosed (2.4%), and labor trafficking cases (5.1%). Business Models -- Criminal defendants used the internet to solicit buyers of commercial sex in 87.7% of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018. Of these cases, public sources identified Backpage as a platform used to solicit buyers in 300 cases. The number of cases involving Backpage dropped 18.3% from 2017, following the shutdown of Backpage in April 2018. Only 5.3% of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018 involved commercial sex being marketed on a street or track known for prostitution. This is a slight decline from the 6.6% of sex trafficking cases that involved street-based commercial sex in 2017. In 2018, labor trafficking defendants most commonly compelled victims to work as domestic servants. Of the labor trafficking cases active in 2018, 38.7% involved domestic work, where victims were forced to provide house cleaning, childcare, and other household tasks. The other top industries where defendants commonly compelled victims to work included food services or restaurant labor (19.4%), farming or agricultural labor (12.9%), and construction labor (12.9%). These were the same top four business models as in 2017. Methods of Coercion -- Traffickers frequently use a combination of coercive tactics to compel a victim to provide sex or labor. In 2018, evidence in over half (56.2%) of the sex trafficking cases indicated that a defendant used physical violence to force a victim to engage in commercial sex.iii In addition to violent methods of coercion, traffickers commonly rely upon more subtle forms of coercion to control their victims. Of the sex trafficking cases active in 2018, 42.6% involved a defendant threatening to use violence against a victim, 25.4% involved a defendant verbally or emotionally abusing a victim, and 23.3% involved a defendant placing a victim in physical isolation in order to coerce the victim to engage in commercial sex. Defendants in over one-third (36.2%) of the active sex trafficking cases allegedly induced a substance addiction, or exploited an existing addiction, as a method to control a victim. The most common methods of coercion used by defendants in labor trafficking cases active in 2018 were the withholding of pay (60%) and threats of physical abuse (60%). In 57.1% of the cases, defendants used physical violence to coerce a victim to work or provide services. Non-physical methods of coercion targeting migrant populations appeared in public sources more frequently in labor trafficking cases than sex trafficking cases. For example, 51.4% of labor trafficking cases included evidence that a defendant threatened a victim would be deported if he or she did not comply with the defendant's demands. In comparison, only 2.6% of sex trafficking cases mentioned a defendant's threat of deportation as a method of coercion. .... Details: Merrifield, VA: Human Trafficking Institute, 2019. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2019 at: https://www.traffickingmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-Federal-Human-Trafficking-Report-Low-Res.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.traffickingmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2018-Federal-Human-Trafficking-Report-Low-Res.pdf Shelf Number: 155619 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Labor Trafficking Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Centre for Missing & Exploited Chidlren Title: Studies in Child Protection: Technology-Facilitated Child Sex Trafficking Summary: Trafficking of children for sexual purposes, or child sex trafficking2, is defined internationally as: the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. The Internet and related technologies are increasingly becoming the predominant mechanism by which children are lured, entrapped, and forced into modern-day enslavement for sexual purposes. While child sex trafficking is not a new crime, the use of technology to facilitate this crime is. As the Internet is highly unregulated and provides anonymity, accessibility, and global reach, the use of technology by traffickers will likely become even more prevalent. In general, traffickers are criminals "who enable or partake in the trade and exploitation of human beings." Online traffickers use information and communications technologies (ICTs) to seek out vulnerable children, recruit victims, and advertise/sell victims to offenders through social media, messaging applications, online ads, and peer-to-peer file sharing servers with the intent to exploit the victims for profit. Using the Internet and related technologies, traffickers may lure victims by posting false job advertisements, promising fame or money, expressing love or praise, or threatening harm or death to the victim and/or their family. Traffickers may use social media platforms to gain trust and build relationships by showing admiration or desire for the child, acting as a friend, and eventually employing tactics such as manipulation, coercion, and control to lure them away from their homes and loved ones. Child sex traffickers may be strangers, but they can also be family members, friends, guardians, or acquaintances.10 Nearly half of all identified cases of child trafficking begin with some family member involvement and the extent of family involvement in the trafficking of children is up to four times higher than in cases of adult trafficking. The high demand for children for sexual purposes has generated such high profits that many organized crime groups are turning away from other illicit activities to devote their resources to the trafficking of minors. Human trafficking appeals to criminal organizations as "it is becoming increasingly easy and inexpensive to procure, move and exploit vulnerable girls." Additionally, the relatively low risk of detection and prosecution of technology-facilitated child sex trafficking compared to the risk associated with traditional, "in-person" forms of trafficking makes online sex trafficking an attractive illegal activity in which to engage. One child can generate a profit of several thousand dollars a day for traffickers and can be abused and sold repeatedly, unlike other forms of illicit trade like drug trafficking. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that "globally, two-thirds of the profits from forced labour are generated by forced sexual exploitation, amounting to an estimated US$99 billion per year." Approximately 5.5 million children under the age of 18 are forced into labor, and it is estimated that more than one million are victims of forced sexual exploitation. With the growth of Internet usage, a child's risk of being targeted increases; �technology has lowered the bar of entry to the criminal world, which has had an expansive effect on the growth of modern slavery. Our challenge is that technology is taking slavery into a darker corner of the world where law enforcement techniques and capabilities are not as strong as they are offline." Strategies to address technology-facilitated child sex trafficking must address the misuse of ICTs to facilitate it and harness the potential of ICTs to combat it The world has seen an increase in international, regional, and national laws addressing cybercrime and human trafficking; however, international law is silent on several key issues - namely, the use of ICTs to: 1) recruit child sex trafficking victims; 2) advertise the sexual services of these victims; and 3) provide or receive payments or benefits from the sexual exploitation of children. To address these legal gaps, ideally international legislation should be enacted to include: - A uniform definition of technology-facilitated child sex trafficking; - Statutes punishing the use of ICTs to recruit child victims, advertise their sexual services, and send and receive payments for sexual exploitation of children; and - Requisite punishment. The Internet has global reach, which fuels the need for international legal cooperation to develop more stringent, overt laws to protect children from technology-facilitated child sex trafficking. While vast research exists regarding child sex trafficking broadly, this paper specifically focuses on: how and why technology is increasingly used to recruit, advertise, and send/receive payments for child sex trafficking; examining available international and regional legal instruments; reviewing a sampling of relevant national legislation; presenting model legislative language for consideration; and discussing the role of the technology and financial industries to deter traffickers from misusing their platforms to sexually exploit children. The report is further intended to support and promote the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDG 16.220 on ending the abuse, exploitation, trafficking, and all forms of violence against and torture of children, and contribute to reaching the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by demonstrating our organizational commitment, helping raise awareness of the issues, and promoting the rule of law at the national and international levels. Additionally, the report contributes to the Implementation and Enforcement of Laws strategy, the first of the seven INSPIRE strategies developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), in particular core indicators 3.1 through 3.6 (i.e., laws and policies, awareness of laws, review of legal and policy framework)22; and helps to implement the WePROTECT Global Alliance to End Child Sexual Exploitation Online Model National Response (MNR) - specifically capabilities 2 (Research, Analysis and Monitoring) and 3 (Legislation) under Policy and Governance23. Details: Alexandria, VA: The Centre, 2018. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2019 at: https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Technology-Facilitated-Child-Sex-Trafficking_final_11-30-18.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Technology-Facilitated-Child-Sex-Trafficking_final_11-30-18.pdf Shelf Number: 155745 Keywords: Child Grooming Child Pornography Child Prostitution Child Protection Child Sexual Exploitation Child Trafficking Forced Labor Modern Slavery Online Child Sexual Abuse Revenge Pornography Sextortion Social Media

Author: Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights Title: Moving Forward in the Fight Against Human Trafficking in Canada Summary: At its June 8, 2017 meeting, the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights (the Committee) unanimously agreed to a motion that it "conduct a study, at the earliest opportunity, into the issue of human trafficking in Canada, and that it report its findings to the House." Between February 15 and May 22, 2018, the Committee held eight meetings in Ottawa to hear evidence from a wide variety of stakeholders.2 The Committee also travelled to five Canadian cities - Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, Edmonton and Vancouver - from March 18 to 23, to hear evidence from human trafficking survivors and local stakeholders. The objective of these meetings was to expand our knowledge about all forms of human trafficking occurring in Canada, including human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labour. In total, the Committee heard from more than 50 witnesses and received close to 60 written submissions. The Committee appreciates the expertise and time provided by all the witnesses who participated in this study and wishes to highlight the valuable contribution of the survivors who had the courage to share their story in order to prevent others from becoming victims of human trafficking, as well as that of all organizations and individuals dedicated to assisting victims of human trafficking. This report provides an overview of human trafficking in Canada. It includes the state of our knowledge on this complex and multi-faceted issue, the Canadian response to combat this atrocious crime, and the challenges faced by victims, services providers, law enforcement agencies and prosecutors to prevent human trafficking, protect its victims and prosecute the traffickers. The Committee drew upon the evidence it received to formulate key findings and recommendations aimed at strengthening Canada�s actions towards eradicating human trafficking in Canada. From the outset, the Committee recognizes that justice is a matter of shared jurisdiction and that human trafficking needs to be tackled by all levels of government. The Committee also recognizes that collaboration between governments and civil society is key to eradicating human trafficking. Details: Ottawa: Author, 2018. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: 42nd Parliament, 1st Session: Accessed June 26, 2019 at: https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/JUST/Reports/RP10243099/justrp24/justrp24-e.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Canada URL: https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/JUST/Reports/RP10243099/justrp24/justrp24-e.pdf Shelf Number: 156700 Keywords: Forced Labor Human Trafficking Modern Slavery Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sexual Exploitation

Author: Lawther, C. Title: Whose Voices are Heard? Victimhood and Dark Tourism in Cambodia Summary: The practice of 'dark tourism', whereby members of the public visit sites associated with atrocity and violence, has received growing attention in recent years. Thousands of visitors travel to Auschwitz, Robben Island, ports used in the global slave trade, and to other sites of mass atrocity. Yet, despite the pages dedicated to dark tourism in travel guides, surprisingly little is known about how victims' voices are represented and the extent to which those most directly affected by violence have been able to contribute to the story that is told in these places. Focusing on sites of atrocity in Cambodia, including the Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocide and Choeung Ek Genocidal Centre, this research project sought to address this gap. The research team are based at Queen's University Belfast and spent two weeks conducting interviews with victims and survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime, staff from the Extraordinary Criminal Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), site managers, members of local non-governmental organisations and others. We also undertook site visits to Tuol Sleng, Choeung Ek, Kampong Chhnang Airfield and Kraing Ta Chan Peace Centre, as well as visiting other sites associated with violence during the regime. Throughout, our objective was to explore how victims of the Khmer Rouge regard the public- and tourist-facing focus of Tuol Sleng and Choeung Ek, how specific victims' voices and experiences were chosen for public display and to what extent are victims and survivors able to retain ownership over their experiences and narratives. Our findings can be divided into the following key areas: acknowledgement and truth; education and guarantees of non-repetition; healing, justice and preservation; remembrance and honouring; bearing witness to the past; representing victims� voices; representing a complex past; and benefitting from sites of atrocity. The research revealed the importance of Cambodia's sites of atrocity as spaces for the recovery of truth about, and acknowledgement of, past harms. The importance of 'letting the world know' what happened in Cambodia was emphasised by a number of interviewees. Interviewees highlighted how truth and acknowledgement can be realised in different ways at the sites. For example, at Tuol Sleng, the photographs of former detainees have been used by surviving relatives to search for loved ones. In contrast, at Kampong Chhnang Airfield, where less has been done to preserve the site, the vast expanse of concrete and remaining buildings exist as testimony to the forced labour which occurred there. Details: Belfast: Queen's University Belfast, 2019. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 27, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3392297 Year: 2019 Country: Cambodia URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3392297 Shelf Number: 156713 Keywords: Atrocities Dark Tourism Forced Labor Genocides

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia Title: India Country Report: To Prevent and Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Women Summary: Traffi cking of human beings, especially of women and children, is an organized crime that violates basic human rights. As per the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffi cking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, traffi cking is defi ned as any activity leading to recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or a position of vulnerability. Traffi cking as a crime has seen an increasing trend especially in the last two decades globally. Human traffi cking has been identifi ed as the third largest source of profi t for organized crime, following arms and drug traffi cking, generating billions of dollars annually at the global level. Traffi cking takes places for various purposes such as labour, prostitution, organ trade, drug couriers, arms smuggling etc. However, these cannot be seen in isolation as they have a crosscutting nexus and linkage, which compounds the constraints faced in tackling the problem. It is also seen that while the methods used for traffi cking such as coercion, duping, luring, abducting, kidnapping etc. are commonly cited, it is the social and economic constraints of the victims that make them most vulnerable. With growing globalization and liberalization, the possibilities and potential for traffi cking have also grown. People tend to migrate in search of better opportunities. Though this is a positive trend, it has also led to the emergence of other complex issues such as smuggling of people across borders and unsafe migration by unscrupulous touts and agents. While trafficking has severe implications on the psycho-social and economic well-being of the victim, highly adverse ramifications are also seen on the society and the nation. By denying the victims their basic rights to good health, nutrition, education and economic independence, the country loses a large number of women and children as victims to this crime, who otherwise would have contributed productively to its growth. A growing concern is that trafficking has an adverse impact on the problem of HIV/AIDS too. Some studies have revealed that the longer the confinement in brothels, the greater is the probability of the victims contracting HIV/AIDS due to poor negotiation for safe sex methods. The country has to incur huge costs for health and rehabilitation as well as for law enforcement. Trafficking - Situation in India India is a Republic comprising 28 States and seven Union Territories, and has a population of more that one billion. The Constitution of India envisages a parliamentary form of government and is federal in nature, with unitary features. The States of India vary greatly in terms of language, culture, religion and tradition. Over the years, India has emerged as a source, destination, and transit country for traffi cking for varied purposes such as for commercial sexual exploitation and labour. While intra-country traffi cking forms the bulk of the traffi cked victims, cross-border traffi cking also takes place, especially from Nepal and Bangladesh. Women and children are also traffi cked to the Middle Eastern countries and other parts of the world for purposes of cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation. The number of traffi cked persons is diffi cult to determine due to the secrecy and clandestine nature of the crime. However, studies and surveys sponsored by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) estimates that there are about three million prostitutes in the country, of which an estimated 40 percent are children, as there is a growing demand for very young girls to be inducted into prostitution on account of customer preferences. A few alarming trends that have emerged in recent years are sexual exploitation through sex tourism, child sex tourism, paedophilia, prostitution in pilgrim towns and other tourist destinations, cross-border traffi cking (especially from Nepal and Bangladesh) etc. Substantial efforts have been made in the last decade or so in the area of Anti-Human Traffi cking by government institutions/state machinery, the civil society organizations, the judiciary and the law enforcement authorities. The purpose of this India Country Report is multi-pronged: Primarily, it documents the journey traversed by India in addressing the issues of traffi cking in women and children from World Congress II (WCII - Yokohama, 2002) to World Congress III on Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (WCIII - Rio de Janeiro, 2008)1. It elucidates the good practices in the area of anti-human traffi cking in the country and also acknowledges the efforts of the government, civil society organizations, international, bilateral and multilateral agencies, survivor groups, as well as dedicated individuals in the country to combat this heinous crime. Finally, the document also explicates the processes through which prevention, protection and prosecution efforts, towards anti-human traffi cking, have evolved in India. The report will not only be a tool for presenting the anti-human traffi cking efforts in India at the World Congress III (Rio de Janeiro, November 2008), but also act as an advocacy document to identify and infl uence future programming. Details: New Delhi, India: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, 2008. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: India URL: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 157008 Keywords: Child Sex Tourism Exploitation Forced Labor India Prostitution Sex Tourism Sex Trafficking Sex Work Trafficking in Persons

Author: Kohli, Ravi KS Title: An Evaluation of Independent Child Trafficking Guardians - Early Adopter Sites Summary: Section 48 of the Modern Slavery Act 2015 made provision for Independent Child Trafficking Advocates in England and Wales, who are an additional, independent source of advice for all trafficked children, and somebody who can speak up on their behalf. In the UK Government's response to the Independent Review of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, the Government committed to refer to Independent Child Trafficking Advocates as 'Independent Child Trafficking Guardians'. As such, the Service will be referred to as 'ICTGs' from this point on in this evaluation. However, quotes provided in this evaluation will refer to the previous name 'ICTAs', reflecting the name of the Service when the interviews and focus groups were conducted. The Government has committed to rolling out ICTGs nationally. To date, a staggered approach to rollout has been adopted, with built-in evaluations along the way. Currently, ICTGs have been expanded to one-third of local authorities in England and Wales and, where the Service currently operates, children who show indicators of modern slavery including trafficking are eligible to be referred into the ICTG service. In January 2017, the ICTG service was introduced into three early adopter sites: Greater Manchester, Hampshire and Isle of Wight, and nationally in Wales. The Service was subsequently expanded to three additional sites to test a revised model: West Midlands Combined Authority in October 2018, followed in April 2019 by the East Midlands and the London Borough of Croydon. The revised ICTG model continues to provide one-to-one support for children for whom there is no one with parental responsibility for them in the UK by way of an ICTG direct worker, and introduces the role of expert ICTG regional practice co-ordinators. ICTG regional practice coordinators focus on children for whom there is someone with parental responsibility for them in the UK, by working with professionals who are already supporting the child, to encourage a multi-agency approach for supporting children in this cohort. This evaluation, conducted by the Home Office and the University of Bedfordshire has assessed the ICTG service in the three original early adopter sites (Greater Manchester, Hampshire and Wales). The evaluation, conducted across a two-year period from February 2017 - January 2019, considers the original model for the ICTG service which provided one-to-one ICTG support for all children. The overall aim of the evaluation is to answer the question: What is the 'added value' of the ICTG service, and is this different for different groups of children and in different early adopter sites? In July 2018, the Home Office published an interim report (Home Office, 2018) presenting findings at the interim stage of the two-year evaluation. The report provided early insights into how the ICTG service added value, in terms of building trust with trafficked children, providing important advocacy work and providing specialist knowledge to professionals involved. The interim report did not focus on outcomes as many children had been in the Service for only a limited amount of time, and only the first phase of qualitative research had been completed. This report consequently focuses more on outcomes for trafficked children in the ICTG service and the findings from the qualitative research. Details: London: Home Office, 2019. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 18, 2019 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/819723/evaluation-independent-child-trafficking-guardians-final-horr111.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/an-evaluation-of-independent-child-trafficking-guardians-early-adopter-sites-final-report Shelf Number: 157023 Keywords: Child Exploitation and Abuse Child Trafficking Forced Labor Modern Slavery